P-43 Lancer

infobox Aircraft
name =P-43 Lancer
type =Fighter
manufacturer =Republic Aviation Company



caption =USAAF Republic P-43 Lancer (USAF photo)
designer =Alexander de Seversky Alexander Kartveli
first flight =March 1940
introduction =1941
retired =1944 (China)
status =
primary user =United States Army Air Force
more users =China
Royal Australian Air Force
produced =1940-1941
number built =272
unit cost =
developed from=Seversky P-35
variants with their own articles =

The Republic P-43 Lancer was a single-engine, all-metal, low-wing monoplane fighter aircraft built by Republic, first delivered to the United States Army Air Corps in 1940. This article also covers a proposed development, the P-44 Rocket.

Design and development

The Seversky Aircraft Company, which in 1939 changed its name to Republic, constructed a range of one-off variants of its P-35 design, featuring different powerplants and enhancements, designated AP-2, AP-7, AP-4 (which flew after the AP-7), AP-9, XP-41; and actually built a carrier-based version designated the NF-1 (Naval Fighter 1). The most significant of these was the AP-4, which served as the basis for future Seversky/Republic aircraft. It featured fully retractable landing gear, flush riveting, and, most significantly, a Pratt & Whitney R-1830-SC2G engine with a belly-mounted turbo-supercharger, offering 1,200 hp (890 kW) and good high-altitude performance. The turbosupercharger had been refined by Boeing as part of the development program for the B-17 Flying Fortress, and the improved performance it offered was of great interest to other aircraft manufacturers.

The sole AP-4 built was used as a testbed to evaluate means of improving the aerodynamics of radial-engined fighters. It was fitted with a large prop spinner and a tight-fitting engine cowling, following similar experiments with the first production P-35. The AP-4's big spinner was later removed and a new tight cowling fitted. Unsurprisingly, these measures led to overheating problems. On 22 March 1939, the engine caught fire in flight, the pilot had to bail out, and the AP-4 was lost. Despite the loss of the prototype, the USAAC liked the turbo-supercharged AP-4 demonstrator enough to order 13 more in May 1939, designating them YP-43.

The YP-43 differed from AP-4 in having a "razorback" fuselage with a tall spine extending back from the canopy. The engine air intake was moved from the port wing to under the engine resulting in the distinctive ovoid cowling. The aircraft was powered by an R-1830-35 14-cylinder air-cooled radial engine with a General Electric B-2 turbosupercharger generating 1,200 hp (895 kW) and driving a three-blade variable-pitch propeller. Armament consisted of two synchronized 0.50 in (12.7mm) machineguns in the cowl and a single 0.30 in (7.62mm) machine gun in each wing. The end result looked like an oddly proportioned P-47 Thunderbolt.

The first of thirteen YP-43s was delivered in September 1940, the last in April 1941. Early testing revealed a strong tendency to yaw during takeoff and landing rolls, fixed by redesigning the tailwheel. Although the aircraft exceeded the initial USAAC performance requirements, by 1941 it was clearly obsolete, lacking maneuverability, armor protection for the pilot, or self-sealing fuel tanks. USAAC felt the basic P-35/P-43 design had exhausted its reserves for further improvement in performance and shifted its interest to the promising P-47. However, because the Pratt & Whitney R-2800 engine intended for the new fighter was not yet available, it was decided to order 54 P-43s to keep the Republic production lines operating until the P-47 was ready. [ [http://home.att.net/~jbaugher1/p43.html Republic P-43 Lancer] ]

Production aircraft were identical to the YP-43 prototypes and were delivered between 16 May and 28 August 1941. Ongoing delays in the P-47 program resulted in USAAC ordering an additional 80 P-43A aircraft with the R-1830-49 engine, giving better high-altitude performance, and 0.50 in machine guns replacing the 0.30 in in the wings. An additional 125 P-43A-1s were ordered for China through the Lend-Lease program, originally intended to equip the Third American Volunteer Group, a fighter unit like the famed Flying Tigers. These differed primarily in being armed with two 0.50 in machine guns in each wing and no fuselage guns, and having rudimentary armor and fuel tank protection. Actually, as delivered, the P-43A-1 had the same armament layout as the P-43As: four .50s, two in the cowl and two in the wings. Externally, they were identical, and only the serial numbers distinguishes a P-43A from a P-43A-1.

A total of 272 P-43 and its variants were built, a remarkable number considering the original intention was to not build any.

P-44 Rocket

Although the P-43 was clearly obsolete, Republic made one last attempt to extract more performance from the basic design by outfitting it with a Pratt & Whitney R-2180-1 engine rated at 1,400 hp (1,044 kW). Contemporary drawings show an aircraft similar to the P-43 with a large propeller hub reminiscent of early Fw 190 prototypes. The USAAC were sufficiently interested to assign this AP-4J study an official designation P-44 Rocket and order 80 production aircraft sight unseen. However, combat reports from Europe soon made it clear that even this aircraft lacked the performance necessary to prevail in combat, and the project was cancelled with no prototypes built A total of 54 P-43s were ordered into production instead to keep Republic production lines open. Alexander Kartveli and his team focused their efforts on the advanced AP-10/XP-47 which eventually became the fabled P-47 Thunderbolt.

Operational history

The USAAC considered the P-43 and its variants obsolete from the start and used them only for training purposes. Several photo-reconnaissance aircraft were loaned to the Royal Australian Air Force in 1942 with none seeing combat. In fall 1942, all surviving P-43s were redesignated RP-43 indicating they were unfit for combat. Most of the aircraft that were not sent to China were modified for photo-reconnaissance duties and used for training.

The Lend-Lease aircraft were delivered to China through Claire Chennault's American Volunteer Group, the "Flying Tigers." Pilots involved in the ferrying flights commended the P-43 for its good high-altitude performance compared to their Curtiss P-40s, good roll rate and a radial engine without the vulnerable liquid cooling system. Apparently, several AVG pilots asked Chennault to keep some P-43s but the request was denied due to the aircraft's lack of armor or self-sealing fuel tanks. Furthermore, the turbosupercharger proved unreliable and the "wet wing" fuel tanks leaked constantly. The P-43 performed poorly in combat in the hands of the Chinese air forces against Japan due to its great vulnerability; it was replaced by other aircraft in early 1944. Rudimentary protection added on the P-43A-1 was insufficient. In addition, the P-43's R-1830 engines were in high demand by the numerous Douglas C-47 transports in the theatre, effectively grounding the surviving aircraft.

Variants

;YP-43:Pre-production prototypes, 13 built.;P-43:First production version, identical to YP-43, 54 built.;P-43A:Version powered by R-1830-49 engine and armed with 0.50 inch machine guns in the wings instead of 0.30 inch, 80 built.;P-43A-1:Version for China, rudimentary armor and wing fuel tank protection, armed with 4x 0.50 in machine guns in the wings, centerline hardpoint for an external fuel tank or up to 200 lb (91 kg) of bombs, 125 built.;P-43B:Photo-reconnaissance version with cameras in the tail, 150 converted from P-43A and P-43A-1.;P-43C:Photo-reconnaissance version differing from P-43B only in equipment, two converted from P-43A.;P-43D:Photo-reconnaissance version, R-1830-47 engine, six converted from P-43A.;P-43E:Proposed photo-reconnaissance version with R-1830-47 engine based on P-43A-1.;RP-43:All USAAC aircraft redesignated as "restricted from combat" in 1942.;P-44 Rocket:Proposed version with Pratt & Whitney R-2180-1 engine with 1,400 hp (1,044 kW), none built.

Operators

;AUS
*Royal Australian Air Force;China as ROC
*National Revolutionary Army;USA
*US Army Air Corps
*US Army Air Force

pecifications (P-43A)

aircraft specifications
jet or prop?=prop
plane or copter?=plane
include 'armament' field?=yes
include 'capacity' field?=no
switch order of units?=no

crew=One
capacity=
length main=28 ft 6 in
length alt=8.7 m
span main=36 ft 1 in
span alt=11.0 m
height main=14 ft 1 in
height alt=4.3 m
area main=222.7 ft²
area alt=20.7 m²
empty weight main=5,982 lb
empty weight alt=2,713 kg
loaded weight main=7,418 lb
loaded weight alt=3,365 kg
useful load main=
useful load alt=
max takeoff weight main=8,460 lb
max takeoff weight alt=3,837 kg

engine (jet)=
type of jet=
number of jets=
thrust main= lbf
thrust alt= kN
engine (prop)=Pratt & Whitney R-1830-49
type of prop=14-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine
number of props=1
power main=1,200 hp
power alt=895 kW

max speed main=356 mph
max speed alt=573 km/h
cruise speed main=
cruise speed alt=
range main=650 mi
range alt=1,046 km
ceiling main=35,990 ft
ceiling alt=10,970 m
climb rate main=2,500 ft/min
climb rate alt=13 m/s
loading main=33 lb/ft²
loading alt=163 kg/m²
thrust/weight=
power/mass main=0.16 hp/lb
power/mass alt=0.27 kW/kg

armament=4x 0.50 in Browning M2 machine guns

ee also

aircontent

sequence=
* P-40 - XP-41 - XP-42 - P-43 - P-44 - XP-45 -XP-46 - P-47

related=
* Seversky P-35
* Republic P-47 Thunderbolt

similar aircraft=
* PZL.50 Jastrząb
* Brewster Buffalo
* Curtiss P-36
* Nakajima Ki-44

lists=
* List of fighter aircraft
* List of military aircraft of the United States

see also=

References

Notes

Bibliography

* Davis Larry. "P-35: Mini in Action (Mini Number 1)." Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal. 1994. ISBN 0-89747-321-3.
* Swanborough, Gordon and Bowers, Peter M. "United States Military Aircraft Since 1909." Washington, DC: Smithsonian, 1989. ISBN 0-87474-880-1.

External links

* [http://www.warbirdforum.com/richdunn.htm Republic P-43 Lancer in Chinese service]
* [http://home.att.net/~jbaugher1/p43.html Republic P-43 Lancer]