Pedicularis furbishiae

Taxobox

---

status = EN
regnum = Plantae
divisio = Magnoliophyta
classis = Magnoliopsida
ordo = Lamiales
familia = Scrophulariaceae
genus = "Pedicularis"
species = "P. furbishiae"
binomial = "Pedicularis furbishiae"
binomial_authority = S.Watson

Furbish's lousewort ("Pedicularis furbishiae") is a perennial herb found only on the shores of the upper St. John River in Maine and New Brunswick. Furbish's lousewort was first recognized as a new species by Maine naturalist and botanical artist Kate Furbish (who named it Furbish's wood betony) in 1880. [ [http://www.naturaltourist.com/content/content.asp?CGYID=20&CID=253&LID=5 Ecology "Natural Tourist" ] ] It is considered an endangered species in the United States and Canada, and is threatened by habitat destruction, as well as riverside development, forestry, littering and recreational use of the riverbank. It is in the same family as snapdragon and figwort.

Because it is endangered and endemic to the area, development projects must be sure to preserve its habitat. For example, the Dickey-Lincoln dam, a $227 million hydroelectric project proposed on upper St. John River in 1974 [ [http://pressherald.mainetoday.com/specialrpts/century/mainevote.shtml Portland Press Herald Stories of the Century ] ] , was deauthorized by Congress in 1986, after years of study, as the dam would have flooded convert|88000|acre|km2 of Maine forest and severely damaged the lousewort's habitat. [ [http://library.bowdoin.edu/arch/mss/kfg.shtml Kate Furbish Collection ] ] Some criticized ending the dam project to protect the lousewort, "Time" magazine, for instance, called the idea "downright silly" in 1977. [ [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,915476,00.html In Search of the Elusive Lousewort - TIME ] ] While thought extinct at the time the dam was proposed, it was rediscovered in 1976 by C.D. Richards while doing surveys to determine the environmental impact of the dam. [ [http://www.mainenaturalareas.org/docs/lip/resources/9.pdf Landownerbooklet12_copy.pub ] ] Since it was once thought to be extinct, it is considered a Lazarus taxon.

Description

Furbish's Lousewort is not distinguished by large and showy flowers. The Nature Trust of New Brunswick says it "averages 75 cm in height. During its first few years of growth, it forms a basal rosette of deeply incised fern like leaves. Usually after three years the Lousewort begins to flower, often from a single, slightly hairy and reddish tinged stem with a few branches near the top. Furbish's Lousewort flowers are small, yellow and snap-dragon like. They are clustered in a short cylindrical head, and open sequentially from the lower to the upper-most between July and August." [ [http://www.naturetrust.nb.ca/st-john-furbish-lousewort.php Furbish's Lousewort - The Nature Trust of New Brunswick ] ]

Habitat

It grows on the bank of the St. John River in three areas of New Brunswick and at 18 sites in Maine. [ [http://www.speciesatrisk.gc.ca/search/speciesDetails_e.cfm?SpeciesID=179 Species at risk - Furbish's Lousewort ] ] It needs moist, unstable, semi-shaded, eroding banks subject to flooding, and ice-scouring. Its range extends 225 km (140 miles) from "the town of Andover, New Brunswick... upstream to a point 2.4 km (1.5 miles) past the confluence with the Big Black River in Aroostook County, Maine" [ [http://www.fws.gov/r5gomp/gom/habitatstudy/metadata/furbishs_lousewort_model.htm Furbish's Lousewort Habitat Model ] ]

Cultural references

In Robert Anton Wilson's 1980's Schrödinger's Cat trilogy novels, set in a parallel universe, the president of the United States, modeled at least in part after Ralph Nader, is named Furbish Lousewart V.

Sources

* [http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=PEFU plants.usda.gov]
* [http://www.naturetrust.nb.ca/st-john-furbish-lousewort.php www.naturetrust.nb.ca]
* [http://www.speciesatrisk.gc.ca/search/speciesDetails_e.cfm?SpeciesID=179 www.speciesatrisk.gc.ca]
* [http://www.naturaltourist.com/content/content.asp?CGYID=20&CID=253&LID=5 www.naturaltourist.com]
* [http://www.fws.gov/r5gomp/gom/habitatstudy/metadata/furbishs_lousewort_model.htm www.fws.gov]
* [http://fwie.fw.vt.edu/WWW/esis/lists/e705003.htm fwie.fw.vt.edu]