Libraries in China

Very early in Chinese civilization, scholars had extensive private libraries, and all of the imperial dynasties constructed libraries and archives to house literary treasures and official records. The first modern libraries, however, did not appear in China until the late nineteenth century; even then, library service grew slowly and sporadically. In 1949 there were only fifty-five public libraries at the county level and above, most concentrated in major coastal commercial centers.

Following the founding of the People's Republic, government and education leaders strove to develop library services and make them available throughout the country. The National Book Coordination Act of 1957 authorized the establishment of two national library centers, one in Beijing (National Library of China) and the other in Shanghai (Shanghai Library), and nine regional library networks. Even so, libraries still were scarce, and those facilities that were available were cramped and offered only rudimentary services. Seeing the lack of libraries as a major impediment to modernization efforts, government leaders in the early 1980s took special interest in the development of library services. The special concentration of funds and talent began to produce significant results. By 1986 China had over 200,000 libraries, including a national library and various public, educational, scientific, and military libraries. More than forty Chinese institutions of higher learning also had established library science or information science departments. There were more than 2,300 public libraries at the county level and above, containing nearly 256 million volumes, and below the county level some 53,000 cultural centers included a small library or reading room.

At the end of 2004, China had 2,710 public libraries with a collection of over 400 million copies. Of the university or college libraries, the collections of Peking University and Zhejiang University libraries lead the nation [ [http://www.lib.pku.edu.cn/portal/index.jsp PKU Library] ] [ [http://www.uri.edu/artsci/lsc/web/Academics/Courses/travelchina/Zhejiang%20Univ.%20Library.htm ZJU Library] ] . The national library network also includes scientific research institution libraries, trade union libraries, plus libraries and reading rooms attached to government institutions, army units, primary and secondary schools, townships, enterprises and local communities.

National Library

The country's main library, the National Library of China, [ [http://www.nlc.gov.cn/ Official site of the National Library of China.] Users can search database of books, periodicals, and statistical yearbooks.] housed a rich collection of books, periodicals, newspapers, maps, prints, photographs, manuscripts, microforms, tape recordings, and inscriptions on bronze, stone, bones, and tortoiseshells. In 1987 a new National Library building, one of the world's largest library structures, was completed in the western suburbs.

The National Library of China, with a collection of 25 million volumes, is the largest library in Asia, having the largest collection of Chinese books in the world. Adjacent to the Purple Bamboo Park in the western part of Beijing, the library has three stories below ground and 19 stories above ground. In the library's collection are over 3,500 tortoise shells carved with ancient Chinese characters, 1.6 million volumes of traditional thread-bound books, over 1,000 volumes of documents from Dunhuang Grottoes, 12 million volumes of foreign-language books and magazines, and dozens of electronic databases.

The library started to accept the submissions of official national publications in 1916, becoming the main national database; and began to accept submissions of domestic electronic publications in 1987. It is also the country's ISSN (International Standard Serial Number) Center and Network Information Center. At present, the National Library of China has formed a digital library alliance with some 90 other libraries around the country, making joint efforts in promoting the development and application of China's digital public information service. The second phase of the National Library - China Digital Library, whose foundation was laid at the end of 2004, is planned to be completed and commissioned in October 2007. The expanded library will be able to meet book storage demand for the next 30 years. The Digital Library will make it the world's biggest Chinese literature collection center and digital resources base, as well as the most advanced network service base in China.

Other Libraries

The Shanghai Municipal Library, one of the largest public libraries in the country, contained over 7 million volumes, nearly 1 million of which were in foreign languages. The Shanghai Library, well known at home and abroad, is China's largest provincial-level library. Of its collection, the over 1.7 million volumes of ancient documents are the most valuable and representative, including 25,000 titles of rare ancient books in 178,000 volumes, many being the only copies extant in the world. The oldest document dates back nearly 1,500 years.

The Beijing University Library took over the collections of the Yanjing University Library in 1950 and by the mid-1980s - with more than 3 million volumes, one-fourth of them in foreign languages - was one of the best university libraries in the country.

ee also

*Hong Kong Central Library
*Chinese Library Classification (CLC)
*Archives in the People's Republic of China

Other related:
*Culture of the People's Republic of China
*Education in the People's Republic of China
*Society of the People's Republic of China

References

loc [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cntoc.html]

External links

* [http://www.loc.gov/rr/asian/ChinaMongoliaTeam.html#Chinese Chinese Collection] Asian Reading Room, U.S. Library of Congress
* [http://www.lib.tsinghua.edu.cn/english/ Tsinghua University Library] en icon — Presents the homepage of the Tsinghua University Library. Includes introduction to the Library, its services, user's guide, feedback, news, online catalogs, web directories, electronic resources within and beyond the Library. Categorizes online libraries in China by province.
* [http://www.lib.pku.edu.cn/ Peking University Library] — Provides online access to its catalog and allows searching in English, Pinyin, and Chinese characters.
* [http://www.nstl.gov.cn/index.html National Science and Technology Library of China] — offers abundant science and technology related archive and information. Since 2002, the site upgraded to provide new services, such as Union Public Catalog, Periodical Catalog, and Experts Consult.