Stirling Range

The Stirling Range or Koikyennuruff is a range of mountains and hills in the Great Southern region of Western Australia, 337 km south-east of Perth. It is located at approximately coord|34|24|S|118|09|E|type:mountain and is over 60 km wide from west to east, stretching from the highway between Mount Barker and Cranbrook eastward past Gnowangerup. Notable features include Toolbrunup, Bluff Knoll (the tallest peak for a thousand kilometers or more in any direction and most popular tourist attraction), and a silhouette called The Sleeping Princess which is visible from the Porongurup Range.

The Stirling Ranges is one of the richest areas for flora in the world. Ninety families, 384 genera, and over 1500 plant species occur in the Stirling Ranges, 87 of which are found nowhere else. This represents more than a third of the known flora of the southwest, and includes more species of wildflowers than in the entire British Isles. [Department of Environment and Conservation, 2008, "Park Finder: Stirling Ranges National Park". Cited at: http://www.naturebase.net/component/option,com_hotproperty/task,view/id,63/Itemid,99999999 on 30 March 2008. If the link does not work, search the Park Finder via http://www.naturebase.net ]

The Stirling Range is protected by the Stirling Range National Park, which was gazetted in 1913, and has an area of 1,159 km². Popular recreational activities in the park include bushwalking, abseiling and gliding. Camping is not permitted within the park boundaries.

Geology

The mountains are formed of metamorphic rocks made from sediments deposited during the Ediacaran Period (as indicated by the presence of characteristic fossils). The sediments were subsequently metamorphosed to quartzites and shales and folded during reactivation of basement structures recording lateral displacements between Antarctica and Australia. Despite the relative youth of the mountains, the soils remain very poor, creating the species-rich heathland flora.

As the only vertical obstacle to weather in any direction, the range also tends to alter weather patterns around itself. Its upper slopes receive significantly more rainfall than surrounding areas. The branch of the Kalgan River, which forms the southwestern border of the park, is fed in large part from precipitation falling in the western half of the range.

Climate

The annual rainfall in the plains around the park is quite low compared with the rainy Porongurups to the south, averaging only 575 millimetres (23 inches) on the southern side and as little as 400 millimetres (16 inches) in Borden on the northern side. However, it is believed that rainfall on the peaks near Bluff Knoll may be as high as 1100 millimetres (43 inches), a hypothesis supported by the existence of distinctly moist-climate pockets of vegetation in some high valleys. Because no rain gauges have ever been placed on the high peaks (climate change since the late 1960s makes short-term gauges unreliable anyway) we cannot be sure of this. Most rain falls between May and August, with summer being very frequently completely dry around Borden for over a month and having typically very light showers in the south and on the peaks.

Temperatures in the lowlands are generally warm. In the summer, average maxima typically are around 30°C (86°F) in Borden and about 27 °C (80 °F) in the southern plains. Summer minima range from about 16 °C (60 °F) in the south to 18 °C (64 °F) in Borden. In the winter, maximum temperatures typically are a very pleasant 16°C (60°F) and minima are about 8 °C (46.4 °F). On Bluff Knoll, winter temperatures range from maxima of about 11 °C (52 °F) to minima of 3 °C (37 °F). These are the lowest temperatures in Western Australia and consequently the Stirling Range occasionally receives snowfalls—the only place in Western Australia to regularly do so, though usually it is very light. Snow has been reported as early as April and as late as 19 November 1992, but is mostly confined to the period from June to September.Fact|date=February 2007

History

The plains in the Stirling Range region were the hunting grounds for small groups of Indigenous Australians for thousands of years before European settlement. At least two tribes frequented the area: the "Qaaniyan" people in the west, and the "Koreng" people in the east. The Stirling Range played an important role in their culture, appearing in a number of Dreamtime stories.

The first recorded sighting of the Stirling Ranges by a European explorer was by Matthew Flinders on 5 January 1802. While sailing along the southern coast of Australia, just east of King George Sound, he noted:"at the distance of eight leagues inland there was a chain of rugged mountains."A settlement was established at King George Sound in 1826, and the following year the head of the settlement, Major Edmund Lockyer, explored the land north of the Sound. On February 1827, he observed in the distance:"mountains which run east and west about 40 miles."

Alexander Collie explored to the north of the Sound in 1831. On 29 April, he described the Stirling Range and recorded names for the main peaks. The following year, Robert Dale led an expedition to the Range. On 24 January 1832, he made the first recorded ascent of a peak in the Stirling Range, scaling Toolbrunup. Late in 1835, Governor James Stirling and John Septimus Roe led an expedition from Albany to Perth. They first saw the Stirling Ranges on 3 November, and on travelling closer to them the following day, Roe gave them their name. [ [http://www.gnowangerup.wa.gov.au/tourism/attractions/stirling_range.html Gnowangerup Shire] ]

Early exploitation of the Stirling Ranges included cutting of sandalwood and kangaroo hunting. The Ranges were never formally taken up for grazing, probably because of the many poison bushes in the area. However, squatters ran sheep to the south of the Range in the 1850s, and in the 1860s a selection was taken up at the base of Mount Trio.

The area that is now the Stirling Range National Park was temporarily reserved in April 1908, and formally gazetted as Western Australia's third national park in June 1913.Fact|date=February 2007

Major Peaks

* Bluff Knoll -- 34° 22' S 118° 15' E (1095m)
* Mount Hassell -- 34° 22' S 118° 04' E (847m)
* Mount Magog -- 34 °23' S 117° 56' E (856m)
* Mount Trio -- 34° 20' S 118° 06' E (856m)
* Talyuberlup Peak -- 34° 24' S 117° 57' E (783m)
* Toolbrunup Peak -- 34 °23' S 118° 02' E (1052m)

References

Further reading

* Carolyn Thomson, Graham Hall and Gordon Friend (eds) (1993). "Mountains of Mystery: A Natural History of the Stirling Range". Department of Conservation and Land Management. Perth, Western Australia. ISBN 0-7309-5460-9.
* Erickson, Rica (1951)"Springtime in the Stirlings" - The West Australian 17 November 1951 p.11 - re climbing Mondurup at the west end of the Range.
* Morphet, A.T. (1996) "Mountain Walks in the Stirling Range". Torridon Publications, Capel, Western Australia ISBN 0-646-29137-8 (for the set of 2).
* Olver, Rob and Olver, Stuart; "Dawn Till Dusk In The Stirling and Porongurup Ranges", published 1998 by Benchmark Publications, Melbourne. ISBN 1-876268-10-7.