Little Treaty of Versailles

Little Treaty of Versailles or the Polish Minority Treaty was one of the bilateral Minority Treaties signed between minor powers and the League of Nations in the aftermath of the First World War. The Polish treaty was signed on 28 June 1919, the very same day as the main Treaty of Versailles was signed - hence one of its names. It was the first of the Minority Treaties, and served as the template for the subsequent ones; together with Articles 87-93 of Treaty of Versailles it also formally established Poland as a sovereign and independent state on the international arena. [Lauterpacht, Elihu Lauterpacht, C. J. Greenwood, A.G. Oppenheimer, "International Law Reports", Cambridge UniversityPress, 1998, ISBN 0521580706, [http://books.google.com/books?id=FEzBqJIF440C&pg=PA537&dq=Poland+recognition+1919+versailles&as_brr=3&ei=pD5cR5D5C5T8iwHH9JDyAw&sig=Os80oXGY29Lp5pBhEj21yu7lMOo Google Print, p.537] ] [Christian L. Wiktor, "Multilateral Treaty Calendar: Répertoire Des Traités Multilatéraux, 1648-1995", Martinus Nijhoff Publisher, 1998, ISBN 9041105840, [http://books.google.com/books?id=h8GnNQLGDRQC&pg=RA1-PA188&dq=Poland+recognition+1919+versailles&as_brr=3&ei=pD5cR5D5C5T8iwHH9JDyAw&sig=sYrJfusiaOZWtB6SgYe6u5VgaBE Google Print, p.188] ] [Thomas D. Grant, "The Recognition of States: Law and Practice in Debate and Evolution", Praeger/Greenwood, 1999, ISBN 0275963500 [http://books.google.com/books?id=GAQ8vIJE8_QC&pg=PA114&dq=Poland+recognition+1919+versailles&as_brr=3&ei=ET9cR__8G6butAPi0NDvAw&sig=uc8xW0mfzxTFUDYohdfCEG5t81Q Google Print, p.114] ]

Background

Poland regained independence (as the Second Polish Republic) - after 123 years of partitions - in the aftermath of the First World War. The victorious powers decided that due to significant non-Polish minorities on areas claimed by Poland (which historically controlled much of Lithuanian and Ruthenian territories - see Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - and would likely inherit a substantial German minority within its new borders), and the ongoing civilian strife caused by the local wars (in particular the Polish-Ukrainian War of 1918-1919 and Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1920) it was one of the countries that should sign the minorities treaty; in fact it was a requirement for recognizing Polish independence and allowing Poland to sign the peace treaty with Germany (the Article 93 of the Treaty of Versailles stated that: "Poland accepts ... provisions ... to protect the interests of inhabitants of Poland who differ from the majority of the population in race, language, or religion"). [See the [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imt/partiii.htm text of the Treaty of Versailles] . Note that identical requirement was given to Czechoslovakia in Article 86.] In addition, the treaty declared that Poland had to take over a part of debts of Russian state and grant a most favored nation clause in transit trade to "Allied and Associated States" (art. 14-18).

The treaty

According to the treaty Polish government declared its support for "total and complete protection of life and freedom of all people regardless of their birth, nationality, language, race or religion" (art. 2) and religious tolerance (art. 7 which stated that "difference of religion, creed, or confession shall not prejudice any Polish national in matters relating to the enjoyment of civil or political rights, as for instance the admission to Public employment, functions and honors, or the exercise of professions and industries"). Provisions of the treaty "were obligations of international importance and were guaranteed by the League of Nations". They could not be changed "without consent of majority of the League of Nations Council" (art. 12). National minorities could direct their complaints to the League of Nations Council. Difference of opinions "in legal or actual matters" between Poland and any of the western powers or any of the members of the League of Nations Council, which would result from provisions of the treaty was to have an international character (art. 12).

The treaty was signed by Polish representatives at Versailles (Roman Dmowski, Ignacy Daszyński) on 28 June 1919, the same day as the main Treaty of Versailles (hence it is known as "Little" or "Small Treaty of Versailles". Polish parliament (Sejm) ratified the treaty on 31 July 1919; it was implemented on the 10 January 1920. Poland renounced it on the League of Nations' forum in Geneva on the 13 September 1934.

ee also

*Warsaw Confederation

Notes

References

* Janusz Pajewski, "Historia powszechna", Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2002, ISBN 830113822X
* [http://www.poland.pl/archives/interwar/article,,id,284222.htm Little Treaty of Versailles signed by Poland on the 28th of June 1919]
* Carole Fink, "The minorities question at the Paris Peace Conference" in "The Treaty of Versailles: A Reassessment After 75 Years", Manfred Franz Boemeke, Gerald D. Feldman, Elisabeth Gläser (eds.), Cambridge University Press, 1998, ISBN 0521621321, [http://books.google.com/books?id=zqj-oHp4KsgC&pg=PA249&lpg=PA249&dq=versailles+minority+treaty+1919&source=web&ots=5iZRs5-pyk&sig=jdFQMqbljRkd-GZKxFLImEC-h58 Google Print - p.249 onward]
* Carole Fink, " [http://journals.cambridge.org/production/action/cjoGetFulltext?fulltextid=60140 Minority Rights as an International Question] ", Contemporary European History, Vol. 2 (November 2000), pp. 385-400
* Jennifer Jackson Preece, " [http://journals.cambridge.org/article_S0260210597000752 Minority Rights in Europe: From Westphalia to Helsinki] " Review of International Studies, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 1-18.
* Amber R. Ricke, [http://dscholarship.lib.fsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1103&context=undergrad THE POLISH GOVERNMENT AND ETHNIC MINORITIES:THE EFFECTS OF NATIONALISM DURING THE INTER-WAR PERIOD]
* Aimee Genel, " [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=85981145976858 Were the Minority Treaties a Failure?] " - review of Carole Fink. Defending the Rights of Others: The Great Powers, the Jews, and International Minority Protection