Latvian orthography

Latvian orthography, historically, has used a system based upon German phonetic principles and the Latgalian dialect was written using Polish orthographic principles. The present-day orthography has been in use since 1908. [ [http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=40&menu=004 UCLA Language Materials Project Language Profiles Page ] ] Its basis is the Latin alphabet. For the most part it is phonetic in that it follows the language's pronunciation. The Latvian alphabet has thirty-three letters.

tandard orthography

Today, the Latvian standard alphabet consists of 33 letters:

The modern standard Latvian alphabet uses 22 unmodified letters of the Latin alphabet. Latvian alphabet lacks "Q", "W", "X" and "Y"). It adds a further eleven letters by adding diacritic marks to some letters. The vowel letters "A", "E", "I" and "U" can take a macron to show length, unmodified letters being short. The letters "C", "S" and "Z", that in unmodified form are pronounced IPA| [ts] , IPA| [s] and IPA| [z] respectively, can be marked with a caron. These marked letters, "Č", "Š" and "Ž" are pronounced IPA| [tʃ] , IPA| [ʃ] and IPA| [ʒ] respectively. The letters "Ģ", "Ķ", "Ļ" and "Ņ" are written with a cedilla or a small comma placed below (or above the lowercase "g"). They are modified (palatalized) versions of "G", "K", "L" and "N" and represent the sounds IPA| [ɟ] , IPA| [c] , IPA| [ʎ] and IPA| [ɲ] . Non-standard varieties of Latvian add extra letters to this standard set.

Latvian has a phonetic spelling. There are only three exceptions to this. The first is the letter "E" and its long variation "Ē", which are used to write two sounds that represent the short and long versions of either IPA| [ɛ] or IPA| [æ] respectively. The letter "O" indicates both the short and long IPA| [ɔ] , and the diphthong IPA| [uɔ] . These three sounds are written as "O", "Ō" and "Uo" in Latgalian, and some Latvians campaign for the adoption of this system in standard Latvian.Fact|date=October 2007 However, the majority of Latvian linguists argue that "o" and "ō" are found only in loanwords, with the "Uo" sound being the only native Latvian phoneme. The digraph "Uo" was discarded in 1914,Fact|date=October 2007 and the letter "Ō" has not been used in the official Latvian language since 1946.Fact|date=October 2007 Likewise, the letters "Ŗ" and "Ch" were discarded in 1957,Fact|date=October 2007 although they are still used in some varieties and by many Latvians living abroad. The letter "Y" is used only in the Latgalian language, where it is used to write a distinct phoneme that does not occur in other Latvian varieties. Latvian orthography comprises two digraphs, "Dz" and "Dž" respectively.

Old orthography

The old orthography was based on that of German and did not represent the Latvian language phonemically. At the beginning it was used to write religious texts for German priests to help them in their work with Latvians. The first writings in Latvian were chaotic: there were as many as twelve variations of writing "Š". In 1631 the German priest Georgs (Juris) Mancelis tried to systematize the writing. He wrote long vowels according to their position in the word — a short vowel followed by "h" for a radical vowel, a short vowel in the suffix and vowel with a diacritic mark in the ending indicating two different accents. Consonants were written following the example of German with multiple letters. The old orthography was used until the 20th century when it was slowly replaced by the modern orthography.

Computer encoding

Lack of software support of diacritics has caused an unofficial style of orthography, often called "translit", to emerge for use in situations when the user is unable to access Latvian diacritic marks on the computer or using cell phone. It uses basic Modern Latin alphabet only, and letters that aren't used in standard orthography are usually omitted. In this style, diacritics are replaced by digraphs;

*"ā", "ē", "ī", "ū" - "aa", "ee", "ii", "uu"
*"ļ", "ņ", "ģ" - "lj", "nj", "gj"
*"š" - "sh" (as well as "ss", "sj", "et al.")

Some people may find it difficult to use these unusual methods, so they write without any indication of missing diacritic marks, or they use digraphs only if the diacritic mark in question would make a semantic difference. [cite web|url=http://66.102.9.104/search?q=cache:l2UN8Vsl370J:politika.lv|title=Latviešu valodas izmaiņas un funkcijas interneta vidē |publisher= [http://politika.lv/ politika.lv] |accessdate=2007-07-28|year=2001|first=Linda|last=Veinberga|language=Latvian] There exists yet another style, sometimes called "Pokemonism"Fact|date=October 2007 (In Latvian Internet slang "pokemon" is derogatory for adolescent), characterised by use of some elements of leet, use of non-Latvian letters (particularly w and x instead of v and ks), use of c instead of ts, use of z in endings, and use of mixed case.

Keyboard

Standard QWERTY keyboards are used for writing in Latvian; diacritics are entered by using dead key (usually ", occasionally ~). Some keyboard layouts use modifier key AltGr (most notable of such is windows 2000 and XP builtin layout (Latvian QWETRTY). In the early 1990s, the Latvian ergonomic keyboard layout was developed. Although this layout may be available with language support software, it hasn't become popular because of a lack of keyboards with such layout.

References

See also

* Latvian alphabet