Vijayabahu I

Infobox Monarch
name =Vijayabahu I
title =King of Sri Lanka


caption =
reign =1055–1110
coronation =1073
othertitles =
full name =
predecessor =Kassapa VII
successor =Jayabâhu I
suc-type =
heir =
queen =Queen Lilavati
consort =
spouse 1 =
issue =
royal house =Polonnaruwa Kingdom
dynasty =
royal anthem =
father =King Moggallana
mother =Queen Lokitha
date of birth =1039
place of birth =Ruhuna
date of death =1110
place of death =Polonnaruwa
date of burial =
place of burial =|

Vijayabahu I (ruled 1055 - 1110) was a medieval king of Sri Lanka. Born to a royal bloodline, he grew up at a time which parts of the country were ruled by the invaders from the Chola dynasty of India. He assumed rulership of the Ruhuna principality in the southern parts of the country in 1055. Following a seventeen year long campaign, he successfully drove the Chola out of Sri Lanka in 1070, reuniting the country for the first time in over a century.cite book | last =Codrington | first =H.W | title = A Short History of Ceylon | publisher =Macmillan & Co. | date =1926| location =London | url = http://lakdiva.org/codrington/chap04.html | isbn = 9780836955965 | id = OCLC| 2154168 ] [cite web |url=http://www.localhistories.org/srilanka.html |title=A BRIEF HISTORY OF SRI LANKA |accessdate=2008-09-12 |work=Tim Lambert |publisher=localhistories.org |date= ] During his reign, he re-established Buddhism in Sri Lanka and repaired much of the damage caused to infrastructure during the wars.

Early life

Vijayabahu was born around 1039, by the name of Kitti (Keethi) in Ruhuna principality, the southern part of the country. He was the son of King Moggallana, a ruler of Ruhuna and Queen Lokitha. Sri Lanka was then under control of Chola invaders from South India, but Ruhuna was controlled by Sinhala kings resisting the Chola rule. When he was fifteen years of age Kitti defeated the last of such rulers, Lokissara, with the aim of becoming the king of Ruhuna. Subsequently in 1055, he became king of Ruhuna and attained the name of ‘’’Vijayabahu’’’.

The Chola army frequently attacked Vijayabahu’s troops in Ruhuna. However, he managed to free Ruhuna from the Chola invaders by 1058 and take it under his complete control.

First attempt to capture Polonnaruwa

After securing Ruhuna, his intention was to capture Polonnaruwa, the capital of the country. In 1066, he launched the first attack on Polonnaruwa,cite web |url=http://lakdiva.org/codrington/chap04.html#1056 |title=THE POLONNARUWA KINGS |accessdate=2008-09-12 |work=Rhajiv Ratnatunga |publisher=lakdiva.org |date= ] and captured and held the city for a brief time. However, after receiving reinforcements from South India, the strengthened Chola army attacked again, forcing Vijayabahu to flee.

He established himself in Wakirigala after this and concentrated on organizing his army for a fresh attempt to capture Polonnaruwa. During this time, he also had to face rebellions from other Sinhala leaders fighting for the throne. Overcoming these rebellions, Vijayabahu continued to muster his armies in order to retake the Capital, but was not strong enough to attempt another attack against the Chola army.

econd attack on Polonnaruwa

Civil war broke out during 1069-1070 in the Chola empire in South India, throwing the country into turmoil. The concerns within India prevented the empire from focusing on Sri Lanka, providing an opportunity for Vijayabahu to attack again while the Chola forces in Polonnaruwa were more or less isolated.

Starting from Mahanagakula on the south of the Walawe river, Vijayabahu dispatched three armies to attack Polonnaruwa from three fronts. One army was sent along the western shore of the country to Mahathittha port to deal with any reinforcements arriving from South India. Afterwards, part of this army moved towards Polonnaruwa and attacked from the North-west, while the other part held the ports to prevent reinforcements from arriving. A second army was sent from the east across Magama to attack Polonnaruwa from the east. The third and main force advanced across the country, led by the king. Surrounded by these three armies, Polonnaruwa was besieged for seven months before king Vijayabahu’s forces entered the city. In 1070, Vijayabahu became the ruler of Polonnaruwa. [cite web |url=http://www.lakpura.com/sri-lanka/polonnaruwa-sri-lanka.html |title=Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka |accessdate=2008-09-12 |work= |publisher=lakpura.com |date= ]

Ruling of the country

After the victory at Polonnaruwa, Vijayabahu had to face more rebellions. This caused him to delay his coronation, which took place in 1072 or 1073, eighteen years after being crowned as Vijayabahu in Ruhuna and after a military campaign that lasted seventeen years. Polonnaruwa was renamed “Vijayarajapura” and chosen as the capital, making Vijayabahu the first Sinhala king of the Polonnaruwa Kingdom. The coronation ceremony was held in a palace built for this purpose in Anuradhapura, the former capital of the country. [cite web |url=http://lankalive.info/anuradhapura/royalpalace/royalpalace.php |title=The Royal Palace of King Vijayabahu I |accessdate=2008-09-12 |work= |publisher=lankalive.info |date= ] Vijayabahu took Lilavati, the daughter of Jagatipala of Kanauj as his queen. He also married Tilokasundari, a princess from Kalinga, with the view of strengthening ties with the Kalingas.

During the Chola rule and the wars, Buddhism in the country had suffered a lot and Buddhist monks were few. Five ordained monks—necessary for the upasampada (ordination) of Buddhist monks—could not be found in the whole country. To re-establish Buddhism in the country, Vijayabahu sought help from Burma. As a result, ordained monks were sent from Burma to Sri Lanka. These monks helped to re-establish Buddhism by ordaining new monks and teaching the Pitaka. [cite book |title=Relations between Ceylon and Burma in the 11th Century A.D |last=Bokay |first=Mon |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1966 |publisher=Artibus Asiae Publishers |location= |isbn= |pages=93 |url=http://www.jstor.org/pss/1522637 ] In addition to this, Vijayabahu also repaired several Buddhist temples that were abandoned and destroyed. A new temple was also constructed in Polonnaruwa for the keeping of the sacred tooth relic of the Buddha.

Vijayabahu also reconstructed a number of tanks in Rajarata destroyed during the wars, in addition to constructing several new tanks. This reconstruction of the irrigation system in Rajarata area was important to the development of the country since the country depended mainly on paddy cultivation.

Around 1084/1085, another quarrel with the Chola kingdom erupted when some ambassadors of Vijayabahu sent to West Chaiukya were harassed by them. However, the king’s decision for another war against the Chola Empire caused the Velakkara mercenaries serving in Vijayabahu’s army to rebel against him. Several generals of the army were killed by the mutineers and the royal palace was burnt down. Vijayabahu fled to Wakirigala again but returned to Polonnaruwa and recaptured it, suppressing the rebellion. The rebel leaders were captured and executed.

Vijayabahu is also noted for constructing roads to Sri Pada and building resting places called ‘’ambalama’’ for the benefit of the pilgrims. [cite web |url=http://www.hiddenmysteries.org/mysteries/terra/adampeak.html |title=Adam's Peak:Myth, Legend and Geography|accessdate=2008-09-12 |work= |publisher= |date= ] He also granted villages and cultivations for the service of the pilgrims and the shrine.

Vijayabahu died in 1110, having reigned as king of Sri Lanka for fifty-five years. He was then known as “Mahalu Vijayabahu” (Vijayabahu the old) due to his age and long rule of the country. He is also commonly referred to as Maha Vijayabahu (Vijayabahu the great). The Vijayabahu Infantry Regiment of the Sri Lanka Army is named after him.

ee also

*Vikkamabahu
*History of Sri Lanka
*Vijayabahu Infantry Regiment

References