Air transport in the United Kingdom

Air transport in the United Kingdom is the commercial carriage of passengers, freight and mail by aircraft, both within the United Kingdom (UK) and between the UK and the rest of the world. In the past 25 years the industry has seen continuous growth, and the demand for passenger air travel in particular is forecast to increase from the current level of 236 million passengers to 465 million in 2030. Two airports; London Heathrow Airport and London Gatwick Airport, are amongst the top ten busiest airports in the world. More than half of all passengers travelling by air in the UK currently travel via the five London area airports. Outside of London, Manchester Airport is by far the largest and busiest of the remaining airports, acting as a hub for the 20 million or so people who live within a two hour drive. Regional airports have experienced the most growth in recent years, due to the success of 'no-frills' airlines over the last decade.

Advent of no-frills airlines

The advent in the mid 1990's of ’no-frills’ carriers, such as easyJet, has had a significant impact on air travel in the UK. In 2005 these airlines carried 77.5 million passengers, up from just 4.3 million in 1996. ["No-Frills Carriers: Revolution or Evolution?", ch.2, pp.4–5, figs. 2.4 & 2.5] They are responsible for the growth of regional airports, operating from 35 airports in 2006 compared to 10 in 1996, and increasing the choice of international destinations, serving 150 in 2006, compared to 12 a decade earlier. ["No-Frills Carriers: Revolution or Evolution?", ch.2, p.1, section 2.1] The annual rate of growth in the overall demand for air travel has remained stable since 1975, and current growth is being serviced by the no-frills airlines at the expense of traditional carriers which, since 2000, have experienced flat or declining traffic levels. ["No-Frills Carriers: Revolution or Evolution?", ch.2, pp.1–3 & pp.7–10] ["No-Frills Carriers: Revolution or Evolution?", ch.3, p.3, section 3.13 & ch.3, p.6, section 3.25] In response, traditional carriers have lowered costs to compete more effectively on price, leading to lower prices on the short haul routes serviced by this sector, especially in business fares. ["No-Frills Carriers: Revolution or Evolution?", ch.3, pp.3–4 & ch.4, pp.12–13] They have also limited or reduced capacity and in some cases launched no-frills subsidiaries of their own. ["No-Frills Carriers: Revolution or Evolution?", ch.3, p.4]

21st century

Airports

Although the number of airports in the UK runs into hundreds, many are smaller aerodromes dealing with general aviation rather than air transport. In terms of the latter, statistics are collected from 59 main airports, and the largest concentration of services is located in the London and South East of England areas. Heathrow is the largest airport in the country, handling over 67 million terminal passengers in 2006, making it the third busiest airport in the world, and the busiest if measured by the number of international passengers.cite web |url= http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/80/airport_data/2006Annual/Table_01_Size_of_UK_Airports_2006_Comp_2001.pdf |title= "CAA Statistics 2006 - Size of UK Airports 2006" |accessdate=2007-10-03|publisher= United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority] cite web |url= http://www.aci.aero/aci/aci/file/Press%20Releases/2007_PRs/PR_180707_TOP10.pdf|title= "ACI Information Brief – July 2007"|accessdate=2007-10-03|publisher= Airports Council International] Nearly a third of all overseas residents visiting the UK enter the country via this airport, which also handles more than a fifth of all overseas visits by UK residents. [cite web |url= http://www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/ttrends1106.pdf|title= "Travel Trends – International Passenger Travel Survey 2005 News Release"|accessdate=2007-10-03|publisher= Office for National Statistics|p9] .Heathrow is also a cargo gateway and usually has up to 20 dedicated cargo aircraft using its facilities every day. The largest of which is DHL who also lease cargo aircraft to British Airways for weekend operations. ["The Economic Contribution of the Aviation Industry in the UK", p33] Gatwick airport, with 34 million terminal passengers, is the second largest in the country, eighth busiest in the world and lays claim to the busiest single runway airport in the world. [cite web |url= http://www.gatwickairport.com/portal/site/default/menuitem.fcf9974a083b7cd088a5e186c02865a0/;jsessionid=Fhwapkt2PykQJxLzI8nAi49DusHY0JHA55FQ4JrRH0QKntBczRXn!22571380|title="About BAA Gatwick" | accessdate=2007-10-03|publisher= BAA Limited] Between them the five London airports handle nearly 137 million terminal passengers, 59 per cent of the national total. [Heathrow, Gatwick, Stansted, Luton and London City. cite web |url= http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/80/airport_data/2006Annual/Table_01_Size_of_UK_Airports_2006_Comp_2001.pdf |title= "CAA Statistics 2006 - Size of UK Airports 2006" |accessdate=2007-10-03|publisher= United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority] As far as dedicated cargo services are concerned, Stansted and East Midlands airports have both experienced large growth in freight handling over the past decade, and these two airports are the major hubs for express freight operations. ["The Economic Contribution of the Aviation Industry in the UK", p34] Outside of London and the South East, the use of regional airports has increased dramatically in recent years, with the amount of air traffic using these facilities doubling in the period 1995 to 2005. ["No-Frills Carriers: Revolution or Evolution?", ch.1, p.8, section 1.32] To illustrate this growth, in the five years from 2001 passenger numbers at the regional airports of Exeter International Airport, Bristol International Airport, and Newcastle Airport increased by 191 per cent, 113 per cent, and 60 per cent respectively. In the same period the largest airports experienced some of the slowest growth, with Heathrow passenger numbers increasing by 11 per cent, and those of Gatwick increasing by less than 10 per cent. [cite web |url= http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/80/airport_data/2006Annual/Table_01_Size_of_UK_Airports_2006_Comp_2001.pdf |title= "CAA Statistics 2006 - Size of UK Airports 2006" |accessdate=2007-10-03|publisher= United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority Exeter and Bristol airports changed their names to became 'International' airports in 2000 and 1997 respectively.]

Airlines

The majority of all passengers travelling by air to or from the UK are carried by UK airlines, of which there are around forty, and at the end of 2006 the UK air transport fleet numbered 963 aircraft, flying just under 1.2 million flights and averaging over eight hours of flying daily. [cite web |url= http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/80/airport_data/2006Annual/Table_08_Air_Passengers_by_Type_and_Nat_of_Operator_2006.pdf|title= "CAA Statistics 2006 - Air Passengers by Type and Nationality of Operator 2006" |accessdate=2007-10-03|publisher= United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority] [cite web |url= http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/80/airline_data/2006Annual/Table_0_1_6_All_Services_2006.pdf|title= "CAA Statistics 2006 - All Services 2006" |accessdate=2007-10-03|publisher= United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority] Together the two largest airlines as measured by passenger numbers; British Airways and easyJet, account for nearly half of the 127 million passengers flown on UK airlines. In terms of capacity, both available and used, British Airways is again the largest airline, whilst easyJet is pushed into third place by Virgin Atlantic Airways. British Airways passenger flights also account for over 50 per cent of all cargo carried by UK airlines, and when combined with its cargo operations the airline carries over 60 per cent of all cargo carried by UK airlines. [cite web |url= http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/80/airline_data/2006Annual/Table_0_1_6_All_Services_2006.pdf|title= "CAA Statistics 2006 - All Services 2006" |accessdate=2007-10-03|publisher= United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority Capacity is measured in 'seat kilometres', i.e. the number of seats available/used multiplied by the distance flown.]

Passenger travel

Just over a fifth of all terminal passengers are travelling on domestic routes only, whilst half are travelling between the UK and the rest of the European Union (EU). [cite web |url= http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/80/airport_data/2006Annual/Table_10_2_Domestic_Terminal_Pax_Traffic_2006.pdf|title= "CAA Statistics 2006 - Domestic Terminal Passenger Traffic 2006"
accessdate=2007-10-03|publisher= United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority] [cite web |url= http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/80/airport_data/2006Annual/Table_10_1_EU_and_Other_Intl_Pax_Traffic_2006.pdf|title= "CAA Statistics 2006 - EU and Other International Terminal Passenger Traffic 2006" |accessdate=2007-10-03|publisher= United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority] Of the latter, travel between the UK and Spain, France, Germany and Italy account for around half, with Spain almost matching the other three combined in terms of passenger numbers. Outside of the EU, the USA, the Far East, Switzerland and the Middle East together account for just over half of all passengers flying between the UK and the rest of the world, with the USA exceeding the other three combined in terms of passenger numbers. [cite web |url= http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/80/airport_data/2006Annual/Table_11_Intl_Pax_Traffic_to_from_UK_by_Country_1996_2006.pdf|title= "CAA Statistics 2006 - International Passenger Traffic to and from UK Reporting Airports (in Thousands) by Country 1996-2006"|accessdate=2007-10-03|publisher= United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority] Air travel is the most popular mode of transport for visitors both to and from the UK. In 2005 it was used for 80 per cent of all visits by UK residents travelling overseas and by 74 per cent of all inbound visits. [cite web |url= http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_transport/traveltrends2005.pdf|title= "Travel Trends – International Passenger Travel Survey 2005"|accessdate=2007-10-03|publisher= Office for National Statistics|p16] Just over a quarter of all passengers are travelling on business. [cite web |url= http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/81/2006CAAPaxSurveyReport.pdf|title= "CAA Passenger Survey Report 2006" |accessdate=2007-10-27|publisher= United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority |pages= Table 4b, p18] The advent of no-frills carriers has had significant a significant effect on passenger travel profiles, with strong growth in business travel from regional airports, and a significant increase in inbound traffic generated for the purposes of non-UK residents visiting friends and relatives based in the UK. Whilst these carriers have been perceived to democratise air travel, providing the opportunity for lower income groups to travel more often, the main result is actually that middle and higher income groups travel more often, and often for shorter trips. ["No-Frills Carriers: Revolution or Evolution?", Executive Summary pp.4–6 & ch.4, p.11, section 4.18]

Future of air transport

The current availability of airport capacity has been identified as an important constraint on the ability to meet the increasing demand for air travel. In many cases airport capacity is already fully used in meeting current demand. At Heathrow and Gatwick airports the runways are full for "… virtually the whole day". In 2003 the runway at Birmingham airport was expected to reach full capacity by 2009 at the latest, whilst terminal capacity at Edinburgh airport had reached its limit. ["The Future of Air Transport", para. 2.11–2.12, p24] Government forecasts that year suggested that by 2030 the number of passengers could rise to between 400mppa and 600mppa, representing a two- to threefold increase, and a figure of 500mppa by 2030 was regarded by the Government as "robust". ["The Future of Air Transport", para.2.8, p23] ["The Future of Air Transport", para. 25, p154] In 2006 the Government reported that at 228mppa the demand for air travel the previous year was in line with the 2003 forecast, but also revised the forecast demand for 2030 downwards to 465mppa as a result of capacity constraints, even taking into account proposed airport developments. ["Air Transport White Paper Progress Report 2006", paras. 4.4 & 4.11]

Policy

In December 2003 the Government published "The Future of Air Transport" White Paper which detailed the Government's approach to the future development of air transport. The White Paper does not in itself authorise or preclude any development, but seeks instead to define a "national strategic framework for the future development of airport capacity" over the next 30 years. ["The Future of Air Transport", para. 1.6, p17] The principal conclusion is that the two extremes of failing to provide additional airport capacity, and encouraging growth without regard for the wider impacts, are equally unacceptable options. Instead a "balanced and measured approach" to the future of air transport in the UK is adopted. ["The Future of Air Transport", para. 2.172.18, p26] The Government's approach is designed to cater for the forecast growth in demand, thus supporting economic prosperity nationally and enabling ordinary people to travel at reasonable cost, whilst at the same time managing and mitigating the environmental impacts of aviation and ensuring that the costs associated with them are reflected in the price of air travel (see detailed sections below). ["The Future of Air Transport", Executive Summary Conclusions & para. 2.18, p26] In December 2006 the Government published the "Air Transport White Paper Progress Report 2006" to report on progress made in "… delivering a sustainable future for aviation." ["Air Transport White Paper Progress Report 2006"] The report re-iterates the Government’s commitment to the strategy defined in the original White Paper, stating that it "… strikes the right balance between economic, social and environmental goals." ["Air Transport White Paper Progress Report 2006", para. 1.2]

Environmental impact

Whilst carbon emissions from all UK activities other than aviation had declined by 9 per cent in the 10 years between 1990 and 2000, carbon emissions from aviation activities doubled in the same period. ["Predict and decide - Aviation, climate change and UK policy", p4] Air transport in the UK accounted for 6.3 per cent of all UK carbon emissions in 2006. [cite web |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/6740145.stm |title= "Soaring future for cheap flights?"|accessdate=2007-09-10 |publisher= BBC |date= 2007-06-11] When the radiative forcing impact of other emissions are taken into account the total impact of emissions attributable to aviation is estimated to be twice that of its carbon emissions alone. ["Air Transport White Paper Progress Report 2006", para. 2.25] Although the Government has committed to reducing total UK carbon emissions by 60 per cent from existing levels by 2050, its policy is based on the use of "… economic instruments to ensure that growing industries are catered for within a reducing total." ["The Future of Air Transport", paras. 3.36 & 3.37, pp39 & 40] Even if this reduction in total carbon emissions is achieved, research published in February 2006 concluded that aviation could account for between 24 per cent and 50 per cent of the UK's carbon budget by 2050. [cite web |url= http://www.tyndall.ac.uk/research/theme2/final_reports/t3_23.pdf|title= "Contraction & Convergence: UK carbon emissions and the implications for UK air traffic"|accessdate=2007-09-10 |publisher= Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research |date= February 2006|pages= p4 There is some debate about whether the government's target of a 60% reduction, which would stabilise carbon emissions at 550ppmv, is sufficient to mitigate against climate change, and a more stringent target of 450ppmv has been suggested. Under this scenario aviation would account for between 50 and 100 per cent of the UK's carbon budget by 2050.] The strategy adopted in the White Paper seeks to mitigate the global impact of air transport primarily through emissions trading schemes. Although the Kyoto Protocol implemented emissions trading as a means to reduce emissions at national levels, the global nature of air transport means that international (but not domestic) air travel is excluded from this mechanism. The Government is seeking to redress this through the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), but progress is slow. In the meantime efforts are being made to include aviation in the EU Emission Trading Scheme with an original target to implement this by 2008. ["The Future of Air Transport", paras. 3.39–3.40, p.40] In 2006 the Government re-affirmed this policy as the best approach for addressing the climate change impacts of aviation, and current proposals aim at accomplishing this for all flights within the EU by 2011, with the scheme being extended to include all flights to and from the EU the following year. ["Air Transport White Paper Progress Report 2006", paras 2.5 – 2.11] [cite web |url= http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/06/1862&format=HTML&aged=0%3Cuage=EN&guiLanguage=en|title= "Press release - Climate change: Commission proposes bringing air transport into EU Emissions Trading Scheme"|accessdate=2007-10-20 |publisher= European Union |date= 2006-12-20] Critics of the Government's policy advocate addressing climate change impacts by constraining demand for air travel. The study "Predict and Decide - Aviation, climate change and UK policy" concludes that the Government should seek an alternative aviation policy based on managing demand rather than providing for it. ["Predict and decide - Aviation, climate change and UK policy", p96, section 11.9] This would be accomplished via a strategy that presumes "… against the expansion of UK airport capacity" and restrains demand by the use of economic instruments to price air travel less attractively. ["Predict and decide - Aviation, climate change and UK policy", p4]

Notes

References

*Cite web | url=http://www.dft.gov.uk/about/strategy/whitepapers/air | title=The Future of Air Transport | accessdate=2007-09-01 | publisher= Department for Transport | date=December 2003
*cite web |authorlink= DfT|url= http://www.dft.gov.uk/about/strategy/whitepapers/air/aviationprogressreportsection/aviationprogressreport|title=Air Transport White Paper Progress Report 2006|accessdate=2007-09-01 |publisher= Department for Transport |date= December 2006
*cite web |url= http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/33/CAP770.pdf|title=No-Frills Carriers: Revolution or Evolution? |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-10-18|publisher= United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority |date= 2006-11-15
*cite web |url= http://www.oef.com/Free/pdfs/Aviation2006Final.pdf| title=The Economic Contribution of the Aviation Industry in the UK |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-09-10 |publisher= Oxford Economic Forecasting |date= October 2006
*cite web |url= http://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/research/energy/downloads/predictanddecide.pdf |title=Predict and decide - Aviation, climate change and UK policy |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-09-10 |publisher= Environmental Change Institute |date= September 2006