William E. Castle

Professor William Ernest Castle (October 25 1867 — June 3 1962) was an early American geneticist.

Early years

William Ernest Castle was born on a farm in Ohio and took an early interest in natural history. He graduated in 1889 from Denison University in Granville, Ohio, a Baptist college that emphasised classics, and went on to become a teacher of Latin at Ottawa University in Ottawa, Kansas where he published his first paper on the flowering plants of the area. After three years of teaching, botany won out over Latin.

Education

Castle entered the senior class of Harvard University in 1892 and in 1893 took a second A.B. degree with honors. He was appointed laboratory assistant in zoology, an A.M. degree in 1894 and a Ph.D. in 1895. He then taught zoology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and at the Knox College in Galesburg, Illinois, each for a year.

Family

In 1896, Castle married Clara Sears Bosworth, and they had three sons, one of whom died as a teenager. The others became professors at Harvard, William B. Castle of medicine, and the younger Edward Castle, of plant physiology.

Harvard and Drosophila

Castle returned to Harvard in 1897. His early work focused on embryology, but after the rediscovery of Mendelian genetics in 1900, he turned to mammalian genetics, especially that of the guinea pig. At Harvard, Charles W. Woodworth suggested to him that Drosophila might be used for genetical work [http://nobelprize.org/medicine/laureates/1933/morgan-bio.html T.H. Morgan's Nobel Prize biography mentioning C. W. Woodworth's suggestion and W. E. Castle's use of Drosophila ] . Castle was the first to use the fruit fly "Drosophila melanogaster", and it was his work that inspired T.H. Morgan to use "Drosophila" and the basis of Morgan's 1933 Nobel Prize.

Bussey Institution

In 1908 Castle moved from the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology to the Bussey Institution for Applied Biology. There his most famous PhD student was Sewall Wright who graduated in 1915. When the Eugenics Record Office was founded in 1912, he served as a member of its scientific advisory board, and in 1916 he was one of the 10 founders of the scientific journal "Genetics".

His work with hooded rats provided important evidence that evolution could occur by the action of selection on small variations in traits. Other biologists (including T. H. Huxley and William Bates) had doubted Darwin's belief in the sufficiency of small variations (acted upon by natural selection over long periods of time) to explain evolution. He realized that the traits acted upon could be multifactorial. (2)

Later years

Castle retired from Harvard in 1936 when the Bussey Institution closed, and took up a position at the University of California in Research Associate in mammalian genetics. His last of 242 papers was published in 1961 when he was 91 years old.

Notes

References

(1) George D. Snell and Sheldon Reed (1993) William Ernest Castle, Pioneer Mammalian Geneticist, "Genetics" ...(2) W.E. Castle and J.C. Philips (1914), Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication no. 195(cited in S. B. Carroll's book, "The Making of the Fittest", W.W. Norton 2006)