Battle of Yellow Tavern

The Battle of Yellow Tavern was fought on May 11, 1864, as part of the Overland Campaign of the American Civil War. A clash between Union and Confederate cavalry forces, it is best known for the mortal wounding of legendary Confederate cavalry commander Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart.

Background

The Overland Campaign was Union Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's 1864 offensive against General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. The two had fought an inconclusive battle at the Wilderness and were engaged in heavy fighting at the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House. Up to this point, Union cavalry commander Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan was dissatisfied with his role in the campaign. His Cavalry Corps was assigned to the Army of the Potomac, under Maj. Gen. George G. Meade, who reported to Grant. Meade had employed Sheridan's forces primarily in the traditional role of screening and reconnaissance, whereas Sheridan saw the value of wielding the Cavalry Corps as an independently operating offensive weapon for wide ranging raids into the rear areas of the enemy. On May 8, 1864, Sheridan went over Meade's head and told Grant that if his Cavalry Corps were let loose to operate as an independent unit, he could defeat "Jeb" Stuart, long a nemesis to the Union army. Grant was intrigued and convinced Meade of the value of Sheridan's request.

On May 9, the most powerful cavalry force ever seen in the Eastern Theater—over 10,000 troopers with 32 artillery pieces—rode to the southeast to move behind Lee's army. They had three goals: first, disrupt Lee's supply lines by destroying railroad tracks and supplies; second, threaten the Confederate capital in Richmond, which would distract Lee; third, and most important, defeat Stuart.

The Union cavalry column, which at times stretched for over convert|13|mi|km, reached the Confederate forward supply base at Beaver Dam Station that evening. The Confederate troops had been able to destroy many of the critical military supplies before the Union arrived, so Sheridan's men destroyed numerous railroad cars and six locomotives of the Virginia Central Railroad, destroyed telegraph wires, and rescued almost 400 Union soldiers who had been captured in the Wilderness. [Longacre, p. 265; Eicher, p. 674.]

Battle

Stuart moved his 4,500 troopers to get between Sheridan and Richmond. The two forces met at noon on May 11 at Yellow Tavern, an abandoned inn located six miles (10 km) north of Richmond. Not only did the Union outnumber the Confederates by three divisions to two brigades, it had superior firepower—all were armed with rapid-firing Spencer carbines. The Confederate troopers tenaciously resisted from the low ridgeline bordering the road to Richmond, fighting for over three hours. A countercharge by the 1st Virginia Cavalry pushed the advancing Union troopers back from the hilltop as Stuart, mounted on horseback, shouted encouragement. As the 5th Michigan Cavalry streamed in retreat past Stuart, a dismounted Union private, 48-year-old John A. Huff, a former sharpshooter, turned and shot Stuart with his .44-caliber pistol, from a distance of 10-30 yards. [Smith, p. 242; Salmon, p. 283; Starr, p. 107; Thomas, p. 292; Edward G. Longacre, writing in a June 2004 [http://www.historynet.com/wars_conflicts/american_civil_war/3027331.html?page=3&c=y "Civil War Times" article] , claims that Huff's shot was from convert|400|yd away, an arguably impressive feat with a pistol; in his book, "Lincoln's Cavalrymen" (p. 268), Longacre states that Huff was able to advance "close enough" to Stuart to shoot him in the abdomen, although he was not aware at the time that his victim was Stuart.] Stuart died in Richmond the following day. [Rhea, pp. 209, 390. Private Huff was killed a month later at the Battle of Haw's Shop.]

The fighting kept up for an hour after Stuart was wounded, Maj. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee taking temporary command. Sheridan disengaged his men and headed south toward Richmond. Although tempted to burst through the modest defenses to the north of the city, Sheridan continued south across the Chickahominy River to link up with Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler's force on the James River.

Aftermath

Sheridan's raid had been an unqualified success. They suffered 625 casualties, but they captured 300 Confederate prisoners and recovered almost 400 Union prisoners. Their most significant victory, however, was killing Stuart, which deprived Robert E. Lee of his most experienced cavalry commander.

References

* Eicher, David J., "The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War", Simon & Schuster, 2001, ISBN 0-684-84944-5.
* Longacre, Edward G., "Lincoln's Cavalrymen: A History of the Mounted Forces of the Army of the Potomac", Stackpole Books, 2000, ISBN 0-8117-1049-1.
* Rhea, Gordon C., "The Battles for Spotsylvania Court House and the Road to Yellow Tavern May 7–12, 1864", Louisiana State University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8071-2136-3.
* Salmon, John S., "The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide", Stackpole Books, 2001, ISBN 0-8117-2868-4.
* Smith, Derek, "The Gallant Dead: Union & Confederate Generals Killed in the Civil War", Stackpole Books, 2005, ISBN 0-8117-0132-8.
* Starr, Stephen Z., "The Union Cavalry in the Civil War, Volume II: The War in the East from Gettysburg to Appomattox 1863–1865", Louisiana State University Press, 1981, ISBN 978-0-8071-3292-0.
* Thomas, Emory M., "Bold Dragoon: The Life of J.E.B. Stuart", University of Oklahoma Press, 1986, ISBN 0-8061-3193-4.
* [http://www.cr.nps.gov/hps/abpp/battles/va052.htm National Park Service battle description]
* [http://www.us-civilwar.com/yellow.htm Battle description]

Notes

External links