Harold en Italie

Harold en Italie (English: Harold in Italy, Symphony with Viola obbligato), Op. 16, is Hector Berlioz' second symphony, written in 1834.

Creation

Niccolò Paganini (1782-1840) encouraged Berlioz (1803-1869) to write "Harold en Italie". The two first met after a concert of Berlioz’s works conducted by Narcisse Girard on 22 December 1833, three years after the premiere of Berlioz’s "Symphonie fantastique". Paganini had acquired a superb viola, a Stradivarius — "But I have no suitable music. Would you like to write a solo for viola? You are the only one I can trust for this task."

Berlioz began "by writing a solo for viola, but one which involved the orchestra in such a way as not to reduce the effectiveness of the orchestral contribution." When Paganini saw the sketch of the allegro movement, with all the rests in the viola part, he told Berlioz it would not do, and that he expected to be playing continuously. [ [http://www.hberlioz.com/Scores/harold.htm Berlioz Harold in Italy ] ] . They then parted, with Paganini disappointed. He soon left for Nice, where he died (1840) of the cancer of the larynx that had slowly been disfiguring him.Fact|date=March 2007

Description

"Harold en Italie" is a four-movement work, relaxed and poetic. It features an innovative, extensive part for solo viola — a dusky, evocative instrument which is often consigned a secondary role in orchestral texture. In another departure, the viola has the dramatic role of a melancholy personality.

Lord Byron's poem "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage" inspired the mood of "Harold". The poem is a fragment of an epic with a quintessentially Romantic hero. Berlioz wrote, "My intention was to write a series of orchestral scenes, in which the solo viola would be involved as a more or less active participant while retaining its own character. By placing it among the poetic memories formed from my wanderings in the Abruzzi, I wanted to make the viola a kind of melancholy dreamer in the manner of Byron’s Childe-Harold." That he had recycled some of the material from his discarded concert overture, "Rob-Roy" went unmentioned.

The first movement ("Harold aux montagnes") refers to the scenes that Harold, the melancholic character encounters in mountains. In the second movement ("Marche des pélerins"), Harold accompanies a group of pilgrims.

The third movement ("Sérénade") involves a love scene; someone plays a serenade for his mistress. In the fourth movement, ("Orgie de brigands"), spiritually tired and depressed, Harold seeks comfort among wild and dangerous company, perhaps in a tavern. Jacques Barzun reminds us that "The brigand of Berlioz’s time is the avenger of social injustice, the rebel against the City, who resorts to nature for healing the wounds of social man." [In "Berlioz and His Century", noted by Freed.]

Throughout the symphony, the viola represents Harold's character. The manner in which the viola theme hesitantly repeats its opening phrase — gaining confidence, like an idea forming, before the long melody spills out in its entirety — was satirized in a musical paper after the premiere. It began "Ha! ha! ha! – haro! haro! Harold!"— a cheeky touch that Berlioz recalled years later in his "Memoirs."

The work is scored for solo viola, 2 flutes (2nd doubling piccolo), 2 oboes, english horn, 2 clarinets, 4 bassoons, 4 horns, 2 cornets, 2 trumpets, 3 trombones, tuba, timpani, cymbals, triangle, tambourine, harp and strings.

History

"Harold in Italy" premiered on 23 November 1834 with the Orchestre de la Société des Concerts du Conservatoire, Chrétien Urhan playing the viola part, Narcisse Girard conducting. Even though the second movement "March of the Pilgrims" received an encore, this performance contributed to Berlioz's decision to conduct his own music in the future.

Paganini did not hear the work he had commissioned until 16 December 1838; then he was so overwhelmed by it that, following the performance, he dragged Berlioz onto the stage and there knelt and kissed his hand before a wildly cheering audience and applauding musicians. A few days later he sent Berlioz a letter of congratulations, enclosing a bank draft for 20,000 francs.

Franz Liszt prepared a piano transcription (with viola accompaniment) of the work in 1836 (S.472).

The first recording was made in 1946, by William Primrose with the Boston Symphony Orchestra conducted by Serge Koussevitzky.

Recordings

*William Primrose, New York Philharmonic, Arturo Toscanini, January 2, 1939 Live Broadcast [Remastered and released as Music and Arts Programs of America: CD-4614, 2003.]
*William Primrose, Boston Symphony Orchestra, Serge Koussevitzky, 1944
*William Primrose, Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, Charles Münch
*William Primrose, Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, Sir Thomas Beecham
*Wolfram Christ, Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, Lorin Maazel
*Pinchas Zukerman, Montreal Symphony Orchestra, Charles Dutoit
*Nobuko Imai, London Symphony Orchestra, Sir Colin Davis, 1975
*Yuri Bashmet, Frankfurt Radio Symphony Orchestra, Eliahu Inbal
*Tabea Zimmermann, London Symphony Orchestra, Sir Colin Davis, 2003
*Heinz Kirchner, Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, Igor Markevitch, mid-1950s
*Daniel Benyamini, Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, Zubin Mehta, 1970s

Notes

Bibliography

* [http://www.hberlioz.com/Scores/harold.htm Berlioz, Hector. "Memoirs." ch. 45]
* [http://www.hberlioz.com/Scores/sharold.htm Berlioz website] : "Harold in Italy"
*Stolba, K. Marie. "The Development of Western Music: A History." The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.; New York, New York; 1998.
* [http://www.kennedy-center.org/calendar/index.cfm?fuseaction=composition&composition_id=3150 Richard Freed, program notes, 2005]
* [http://hector.ucdavis.edu/Berlioz2003/ProgNotes/068Harold.htm D. Kern Holoman, program notes, 1996]

Further reading

*Donald Francis Tovey, essay on "Harold in Italy" in "Essays in Musical Analysis", vol. IV

External links

*IMSLP2|id=Harold_en_Italie%2C_Op.16_%28Berlioz%2C_Louis_Hector%29|cname=Harold in Italy
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/discoveringmusic/audioarchive.shtml BBC Discovering Music] (page down for link to .ram file discussing the work)
* [http://www.viola-in-music.com/Harold-in-Italy.html Viola-in-Music.com | Harold in Italy]