Isometric exercise

Isometric exercise or "isometrics" are a type of strength training in which the joint angle and muscle length do not change during contraction (compared to concentric or eccentric contractions, called isotonic movements). Isometrics are done in static positions, rather than being dynamic through a range of motion. The joint and muscle are either worked against an immovable force (overcoming isometric) or are held in a static position while opposed by resistance (yielding isometric).

Definition

Isometric exercise is a form of exercise involving the static contraction of a muscle without any visible movement in the angle of the joint. This is reflected in the name; the term "isometric" combines the prefix "iso" (same) with "metric" (distance), meaning that in these exercises the length of the muscle does not change, [ [http://www.sport-fitness-advisor.com/isometric-exercises.html Article on static strength training] ] as compared to "isotonic contractions" ("tonus" means "strain" in latin) in which the contraction strength does not change but the joint angle does.

Resistance in isometric exercises

Resistance in isometric exercises typically involve contractions of the muscle using:
* the body's own muscle (e.g., pressing the palms together in front of the body)
* structural items (e.g., pushing against a door frame).
* free weights, weights machines or elastic equipment (e.g. holding a weight in a fixed position)
* pressure plate type equipment that have a digital readout of maximal force.

Depending on the goal of the exercise, the exertion can be maximal, or sub-maximal.

History

Isometrics are thousands of years old and examples can be found in the static holds in certain branches of yoga or Chinese martial arts.

Isometrics was first brought to the modern public’s attention in the early days of physical culture, the precursor to bodybuilding. Many of the great bodybuilders of the day used and incorporated isometrics into their training regimes. Perhaps the most famous of the isometric advocates was Charles Atlas. In his course he advocated a series of dynamic tension exercises which included isometrics. [ [http://www.spmessenger.com/strength/isometric.html Charles Atlas and Isometric exercise] ] He had learned these exercises from the "Conscious Evolution" Course of Alois P. Swoboda. Atlas said "everything he knew he learned from A.P. Swoboda". [ [http://www.sandowplus.co.uk/Competition/Swoboda/swoboda.htm Alois P. Swoboda on Sandow Plus] ] Isometrics fell out of favor as it was discovered that many of the principal advocates were using steroids to enhance their gains. [ [http://www.chronicfitness.com/bodybuilding/training/isometric-exercise-background.html Isometrics and steroid use] ] Charles Atlas' methods of self-resistance did not have traditional resistance limits as weight exercises do, as the tissue exercising against can provide greater resistance as it develops in tandem. His system was flawed in that there was no method of measuring progression; users were not motivated by measurable progress as assessment of increases in strength was subjective and lacked an empirical means of demonstrating progress.

Isometrics today

Today many new training protocols exist incorporating isometrics once again. Isometric exercises are often made into parts of normal, isotonic exercises. For example, during a set of rows, some people hold their position when the handles are closest to their chest in order to "squeeze" the muscle, in an effort to further strain the muscle. Other systems dedicate themselves entirely to isometrics. An example of an isometric would be holding or carrying something heavy.

Medical uses

Isometric exercises can also be used at the bedside to differentiate various [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_murmur heart murmurs] ; the murmur of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitral_regurgitation Mitral Regurgitation] gets louder [cite web | url = http://pediatrics.uchicago.edu/chiefs/ClinicCurriculum/documents/WCEvaluationofMurmursintheClinicSetting.pdf | title = Evaluation of Cardiac Murmurs in the Clinic Setting | publisher = University of Chicago | accessdate = 2008-01-10 | last = Ching | first = W ] as compared to the quieter murmur of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_stenosis Aortic Stenosis] . [cite journal |author=Cassidy J, Aronow WS, Prakash R |title=The effect of isometric exercise on the systolic murmur of patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis |journal=Chest |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=395–7 |year=1975 |pmid=1168115 |doi=10.1378/chest.67.4.395]

In addition, there is a role for isometric exercise in the rehabilitation of people with joint disease, particularly where there are strong reasons to avoid bearing weight through a joint such as recent major joint surgery. One such example is isometric exercising of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadriceps Quadriceps Femoris Muscle] of the thigh for people with disorders of the knee [cite http://www.ehow.com/how_2323508_do-isometric-quadriceps-exercises.html] [cite http://www.arc.org.uk/arthinfo/patpubs/6027/6027.asp#exercises] , or the muscles supporting the shoulder girdle for people with disorders of the shoulder joint [cite http://medicalcenter.osu.edu/pdfs/PatientEd/Materials/PDFDocs/exer-reh/upper/isometric-shoulder.pdf]

Isometric exercises in comparison with dynamic exercises

Isometric exercises have some differences in training effect as compared to dynamic exercises. While isometric training increases strength at the specific joint angles of the exercises performed and additional joint angles to a lesser extent, dynamic exercises increase strength throughout the full range of motion [Lindh M, Increase of muscle strength from isometric quadriceps exercises at different knee angles, Scand J Rehabil Med. 1979;11(1):33-6, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/419396 PMID 419396] ] . Generally speaking however, people who train isometrically don't train through a full range of motion as the strength gained at the training joint angle is where they require it. While dynamic exercises are 5% better at enhancing the twitch force of a muscle than isometric exercises, isometrics are 32% better than dynamic exercises at increasing maximal muscle power. [cite journal |author=Duchateau J, Hainaut K |title=Isometric or dynamic training: differential effects on mechanical properties of a human muscle |journal=Journal of applied physiology: respiratory, environmental and exercise physiology |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=296–301 |year=1984 |pmid=6706740 |doi=]

Isometrics and NASA

NASA has researched the use of isometrics in preventing muscle atrophy experienced by astronauts as a result of living in a zero gravity environment. Kenneth Baldwin [ [http://www.faculty.uci.edu/profile.cfm?faculty_id=2290 Kenneth Baldwin at University of California] ] , a professor in the Physiology and Biophysics Department at the University of California, Irvine, conducted studies in order to better understand how muscles work. Isometrics, muscle lengthening and muscle shortening exercises were studied and compared. The outcome showed that while all three exercise types did indeed promote muscle growth, isometrics failed to prevent a decrease in the amount of contractile proteins found in the muscle tissue. The result was muscle degradation at a molecular level. As contractile proteins are what cause muscles to contract and give them their physical strength, NASA has concluded that isometrics may not be the best way for astronauts to maintain muscle tissue. [cite web | url = http://www.nasa.gov/vision/earth/livingthings/10dec_muscles.html | title = Why do Workouts Work? | date = 2004-10-12 | accessdate = 2008-01-10 | publisher = NASA | last = Barry | first = PL | coauthors = Phillips, T ]

ee also

*Dynamic tension

References

Public domain books on isometric exercises

* [http://www.sandowplus.co.uk/Competition/Zass/zassintro.htm Compilation of public domain pamphlets on isometric exercises]