Princess Élisabeth of France

{|align=left
Infobox French Royalty|princess
name=Princess Élisabeth
title=Princess Élisabeth of France

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caption=
full name=Élisabeth Philippine Marie Hélène
spouse=
issue=
royal house=House of Bourbon
royal anthem =
father=Louis, Dauphin of France
mother=Marie-Josèphe of Saxony
date of birth=birth date|1764|5|3|df=y
place of birth=Palace of Versailles, France
date of death=death date and age|1794|5|10|1764|5|3|df=y
place of death=Paris, France
place of burial=Eventually Saint Denis Basilica, France|

Princess Élisabeth Philippine Marie Hélène of France (May 3, 1764 – May 10, 1794), commonly called Madame Élisabeth, was the youngest sister of King Louis XVI of France. Having lived through the French Revolution beside the king and his family, she was executed during the Reign of Terror in Paris.

Life

Early life

Élisabeth was born on May 3, 1764 in the Palace of Versailles in France, the youngest child of Louis, Dauphin of France, and his wife, Marie-Josèphe of Saxony. Her paternal grandparents were King Louis XV of France and his consort, Queen Maria Leszczyńska. As the granddaughter of the king, she was a Petite-Fille de France.

Her maternal grandparents were King Augustus III of Poland, also the Elector of Saxony, and his wife, the Archduchess Maria Josepha, daughter of the Holy Roman Emperor Joseph I.

Upbringing

Orphaned at the age of three, she was brought up by Madame de Mackau and resided in Montreuil, where she is said to have given many proofs of a benevolent character. Élisabeth was deeply religious and extremely devoted to her brother the king, refusing all offers of marriage so that she might remain by his side. Her siblings were:

*Marie-Zéphyrine (26 August 1750–1 September 1755).
*Louis, duc de Bourgogne (13 September 1751–22 March 1761).
*Xavier, duc d'Aquitaine (8 September 1753–22 February 1754).
*Louis-Auguste, duc de Berry, the future king Louis XVI (23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) (guillotined).
*Louis-Stanislas, comte de Provence, the future king Louis XVIII (17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824).
*Charles-Philippe, comte d'Artois, the future king Charles X (9 October 1757 – 6 November 1836).
*Marie-Clotilde (23 September 1759 – 7 March 1802), married King Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia, Prince of Piedmont.

She also had a half sister by her father's first marriage to Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain. The child, called Marie-Thérèse de France, was born in 1746 but died in 1748, before the birth of Élisabeth.

Gallery

Revolution

Élisabeth and her brother, Charles-Philippe, comte d'Artois, were the staunchest conservatives in the royal family.

Unlike Artois, however, Élisabeth refused to emigrate when the gravity of the events set forth by the French Revolution became clear; she was confined in the Tuileries Palace with the king and his family. She accompanied them on their ill-fated escape attempt of June 20 1791, was arrested at Varennes and returned to Paris with them.

Madame Élisabeth was present at the Legislative Assembly meeting when Louis was suspended. She was imprisoned in the Temple with the royal family. With the execution of the king (January 21, 1793) and the removal of her nephew, the young dauphin (July 3), Élisabeth was left alone with the queen, Marie Antoinette, and the king and queen's daughter, Princess Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte, in the tower. The queen was taken to the Conciergerie on August 2, 1793, and was executed on October 16. Marie Antoinette's last letter, written in the early hours of her execution day, was addressed to Élisabeth, but never reached her; the two princesses were kept in ignorance of the queen's death.

Death

On May 9, 1794, Élisabeth was transferred to the Conciergerie and hauled before the Revolutionary Tribunal. She was accused of assisting the king's flight, of supplying émigrés with funds, and of encouraging the resistance of the royal troops during the events of August 10, 1792. Furthermore, she was also accused of the outrageous crime of molesting her nephew, the dauphin. This false charge, supposedly extracted from the child under torture, actually helped invoke sympathy for Élisabeth from the people. Nonetheless, she was condemned to death and guillotined the following day.

All the men and women executed with Madame Élisabeth bowed to her and kissed her; she in turn blessed them. She was made to sit closest to the guillotine but was executed last and thus had to hear the blade fall on the heads of all the people before her. It is said that when she was strapped to the board, her shawl fell off, exposing her shoulders, and she cried to the executioner "In the name of decency, Monsieur, cover my bosom!", just as she was guillotined. [Jean Balde, "Madame Elisabeth, princesse martyre", Spes, 1934]

Assessment

Élisabeth, who had just turned 30 at the time of her death, was executed essentially because she was a sister of the king. However, the general consensus of the French revolutionaries was that she was a supporter of the ultra-right Royalist faction. There is much evidence to suggest that she actively supported the intrigues of her brother, the Comte d'Artois, to bring foreign armies into France to crush the Revolution. In monarchist circles, her exemplary private life elicited much admiration. Elisabeth was much praised for her charitable nature, familial devotion and devout Catholic faith. There can be no question that she saw the Revolution as the incarnation of evil on earth and viewed civil war as the only means to drive it from the land.

Royalist literature often presents her as a Catholic martyr, while left-wing history severely criticise her for extreme conservatism, which seemed excessive even to Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. Several biographies have been published of her in the French language, while extensive treatment of her life is given in Antonia Fraser's biography of Marie Antoinette and Deborah Cadbury's investigative biography of Louis XVII.

External links

Primary source

* [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/angouleme/index.html Duchess of Angoulême's Memoirs on the Captivity in the Temple] (from the autograph manuscript; see in particular Part 3)
* [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/France/_Texts/CROROY/Memoires_du_Temple/1*.html Duchess of Angoulême's Memoirs on the Captivity in the Temple] , (1823 English translation of a slightly redacted French edition; see in particular Part 3)

Ancestors

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1= 1. Élisabeth Philippine Marie Hélène of France
2= 2. Louis, Dauphin of France
3= 3. Princess Marie-Josèphe of Saxony
4= 4. Louis XV of France
5= 5. Maria Leszczyńska
6= 6. Augustus III of Poland
7= 7. Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria
8= 8. Louis, Dauphin of France and Duke of Burgundy
9= 9. Princess Marie-Adélaïde of Savoy
10= 10. Stanisław Leszczyński
11= 11. Katarzyna Opalińska
12= 12. Augustus II of Poland
13= 13. Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth
14= 14. Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor
15= 15. Wilhelmina Amalia of Brunswick
16= 16. Louis, Dauphin of France
17= 17. Maria Anna of Bavaria
18= 18. Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia
19= 19. Anne Marie of Orléans
20= 20. Rafał Leszczyński
21= 21. Anna Jabłonowska
22= 22. Jean-Charles Opaliński
23= 23. Catherine-Sophie-Anne Czarnkowska
24= 24. John George III, Elector of Saxony
25= 25. Princess Anne Sophie of Denmark
26= 26. Christian Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth
27= 27. Sofie Luise of Württemberg
28= 28. Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
29= 29. Eleonore-Magdalena of Neuburg
30= 30. John Frederick, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
31= 31. Benedicta-Henrietta of Simmern