Abort Guidance System

Abort Guidance System (AGS) was a backup computer system in Apollo Lunar Module. It was completely different computer system than Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) because it was designed by TRW independently from the AGC development. This computer system was intended to use in case of Apollo PGNCS failure during descent, ascent and rendezvous phase of the flight. However, it was not intended to serve as a guidance system for lunar landing.

The system was the first navigation system that used a strapdown Inertial Measurement Unit rather than gimbaled gyrostabilized IMU used by Apollo PGNCS [ [http://history.nasa.gov/computers/Ch2-8.html Ch2-8 ] ] . Although not as accurate as the gimbaled IMU it provided satisfactory accuracy with the help of optical telescope and rendezvous radar. It was also lighter and smaller in size.

Description

Abort Guidance System included the following components [ [http://www.ibiblio.org/apollo/yaAGS.html The Abort Guidance System ] ] :

* Abort Electronic Assembly AEA): the computer
* Abort Sensor Assembly (ASA): a simple strapdown IMU
* Data Entry and Display Assembly (DEDA): the interface similar to DSKY

The computer used was MARCO 4418 (MARCO stands for Man Rated Computer) whose dimensions were 5 by 8 by 23,75 inches (12,7 by 20,3 by 60,33 centimeters); it weighed 32,7 pounds (14,83 kg and required 90 watts of power. Because the memory had a serial access it was slower than AGC, although some operations on AEA wrere performed as fast of even faster than on AGC.

The computer had the following characteristics:

* It had 4096 words of memory. Lower 2048 words were erasable memory (RAM), higher 2048 words served as fixed memory (ROM). The fixed and erasable memory were constructed similarly so the ratio between fixed and erasable memory was variable.

* It was 18-bit machine, with 17 magnitude bits and a sign bit. The addresses were 13 bits long; MSB indicated index addressing.

* Data words were two's complement and in fixed point form.

Registers

The AEA has the following registers [AEA Programming Reference, April 1966] :

* A: Accumulator (18 bit)
* M: Memory Register (18 bit), holds data that are being transferred between the central computer and memory
* Q: Multiplier-Quotient Register (18 bit) , stores the last significant half of result after multiplication and division. It can be also used as extension of Accumulator
* Index Register (3 bit): used for index addressing

Other less important registers are:

* Address Register (12 bit): holds the memory address tequested by central computer
* Operation Code Register (5 bit): holds 5-bit instruction code during its execution
* Program Counter (12 bit)
* Cycle Counter (5 bit): controls shift instructions
* Timers (2 registers): produce the control timing signals
* Input Registers: 13 registers

Instruction Set

The AEA instruction format consisted of 5-bit instruction code, index bit and a 12-bit address.

The computer had 27 instructions:

ADD: The contents of memory location are added to Accumulator A. The contents of the memory location remain unchanged.

ADZ (Add and Zero): The contents of memory are added to Accumulator A. The contents of memory are set to zero.

SUB (Subtract): The contents of memory are subtracted from Accumulator A. The contents of memory remain unchanged.

SUZ (Subtract and Zero): The contents of memory are subtracted from Accumulator A. The contents of memory are set to zero.

MPY (Multiply): The contents of Accumulator A are multiplied by the contents of memory. The most significant part of the product is placed in the Accumulator A, the least significant part is placed in Register Q.

MPR (Multiply and Round): Identical to MPY instruction, the most significant part of the product in Accumulator A is rounded by adding one to the contents of Accumulator A if bit 1 of Q Register equals one.

MPZ (Multiply and Zero): Identical to MPR instruction, the contents of memory are set to zero.

DVP (Divide): The contents of Accumulator A and Register Q that form a dividend are divided by the contents of memory. The quotient is placed in Accumulator A and rounded unless the roundind would cause overflow.

COM (Complement Accumulator): The contents of Accumulator A are replaced with their two's complement. If the contents of the Accumulator A are positive, zero or minus one, the contents remain unchanged.

CLA (Clear and Add): The Accumulator A is loaded from memory. The contents of memory remain unchanged.

CLZ (Clear, Add and Zero): Similar to CLA instruction; the contents of memory are set to zero.

LDQ (Load Q Register): The Q Register is loaded with contents of memory. The contents of memory remain unchanged.

STO (Store Accumulator): The contents of Accumulator A are stored in memory. The contents of Accumulator A remain unchanged.

STQ (Store Q Register): The contents of Q Register are stored in memory. The contents of Q Register remain unchanged.

ALS N (Arithmetic Left Shift): The contents of Accumulator A are shifted left N places.

LLS N (Long Left Shift): The contents of Accumulator A and bits 1 - 17 of Q Register are shifted left as one register N places. The sign of Q Register is made to agree with sign of Accumulator A.

LRS N (Long Right Shift): Similar to LLS, but the contents are shifted right N places.

TRA (Transfer): The next instruction is taken from memory.

TSQ (Transfer and Set Q): The contents of the Q Register are replaced with an address field set to one greater than the location of the TSQ instruction. Next instruction is taken from memory.

TMI (Transfer on Minus Accumulator): The next instruction is taken from memory if the contents of the Accumulator A are negative. Otherwise the next instruction is taken in sequence.

TOV (Transfer on Overflow): If the overflow indicator is set, the next instruction is taken from memory.

AXT N (Address to Index): The Index Register is set to N.

TIX (Test Index and Transfer): If the Index Register is positive, it is decremented by one and the next instruction is taken from memory.

DLY (Delay): Execution stops until a timing signal is received. The next instruction is taken from memory.

INP (Input): The contents of input register specified by address are placed in Accumulator A. The input register is either set to zero or remains unchanged (depending upon the selected register).

OUT (Output): The contents of the Accumulator A are placed in output register specified by address.

oftware

First design ideas of the Abort Guidance System did not include the use of the computer but rather a sequencer without any navigation capability. This would be adequate to put the Lunar Module to the lunar orbit where the crew would wait for rescue by the Apollo CSM. Later design included a digital computer to provide some autonomy [ [http://history.nasa.gov/computers/Ch2-8.html Ch2-8 ] ] .

The AGS software was written in LEMAP assembly language that uses 27 instructions described above and a set of pseudo-operations used by the assembler.

The main computation cycle was 2 seconds long. This 2-second cycle was divided into 100 segments; each of these segments had a duration of 20 ms. These segments were used for computations that needed to be recalculated every 20 ms (like IMU signal processing, update of PGNCS downlink data, direction cosines update, etc).

There was also a set of computations that had to be performed every 40 ms (engine commands, external signal sampling, attitude control, etc).

Other computations were performed every 2 seconds and these equations were divided into smaller groups so they could be recalculated during the remaining (i.e. unused) time of 20 ms segments (e.g. radar data processing, calculation of orbital parameters, computation of rendezvous sequence, calibration of IMU sensors, etc) [LM AGS Flight Equations Narrative Description, 25 January 1967, pages 12 - 29] .

The software for AGS was reviewed many times to find program errors and to reduce the size of the software. There are some known versions of the software that were used for unmanned and manned tests. Some of them can be found on [http://www.ibiblio.org/apollo/yaAGS.html#Evolution_of_the_Flight_Software Internet] .

User interface

The AGS User interface unit was named DEDA ("Data Entry and Display Assembly"). Its function was entry and readout of data form the AGS. Some of the system's functionality was built into DEDA unlike the DSKY used by AGC.

DEDA had the following elements:

* Numeral keys 0 - 9

* + and - sign key

* CLR key: clears the entry display and clears the OPR ERR light

* ENTER key: for data/address entry

* READOUT key: reads the data from the specified address and displays the refreshed data every half second

* HOLD key: stops the continuous outputting of data

* OPR ERR light: indicates Operator's error

* displays are used to enter and read the data

Use of AGS

It is hard to find any description the AGS use because the landing abort was never needed during the actual missions.

There were however two cases when the AGS was used. It was first used during Apollo 10 mission because of the wrong switch setting [ [http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a410/A10_MissionReport.pdf Apollo 10 Mission Report] ] . The next use of the AGS was during Apollo 11 mission when the LM crew performed a sequence of rendezvous maneuvers that resulted in gimbal lock so the AGS was switched on for attitude control.Fact|date=May 2008

References