Faizul Latif Chowdhury

Faizul Latif Chowdhury ( _bn. ফয়জুল লতিফ চৌধুরী) (born June 3 1959) is a career civil servant from Bangladeshi currently working as a diplomat. A literary figure and an economist at the same time, he works on corruption in public administration, tax policy process, economics of tax evasion and tax avoidance, smuggling, international trade policy and policy making process in the public sector in general. Also, he is known as a translator of Bengali poetry and international fiction. He is also renowned as a researcher on the most popular modern Bengali poet Jibanananda Das.

Education and Training

Chowdhury studied science at the high school and pre-university college in Mymensingh, Bangladesh. He went to Mymensingh Zilla School for SSC and Ananda Mohon College for HSC. Later he studied Economics at the University of Dhaka for his Bachelor of Social Science and Master of Social Science degrees. He studied Public Policy at the Deakin University, Australia. Later, in 1992, he obtained his MBA from the Monash University. Professor Owen Hughes was his thesis supervisor. Finally he studied Public Administration and Public Policy at the Department of Government at the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE). At the LSE, Professor Keith Dowding was his dissertation supervisor. ["Lekhak Ovidhan", Bangla Academy, 1999, Dhaka.] At different times he received traning on information technology

Career

Chowdhury’s professional career started in free-lance journalism. However, his literary career commenced when he started to write for the Bangladesh Observer and the daily Purbadesh in his school days, since 1973. In 1974, he edited for a brief period the children’s page of Banglar Darpan, a Bengali weekly published from Mymensingh since 1972 . Later he worked for a while (1978-80) for the weekly Kishore Bangla, a juvenile magazine published from Dhaka. Then he worked as Feature Editor in the Saptahik Chitrabangla(1981-83). Just after finishing education at the Dhaka University, Chowdhury briefly worked at the Planning Division of the Rupali Bank as a Senior Officer.

Towards the end of 1983, he joined the Bangladesh Civil Service as a fast-track career civil servant. He worked at the National Board of Revenue and its attached offices for a long time in different capacities (1983-2000) until he was appointed as a Deputy Secretary to the Government of Bangladesh in 2001.

Meanwhile he also worked as a National Consultant in two projects, one of World Bank and the other of UNCTAD. He also worked in the Prime Minister’s Office as Director in charge of the Ministries of Finance and Planning. In 2003, he was appointed by the government as a diplomat for four years. In the meanwhile, he was promoted as Joint Secretary to the government in 2005. In 2008, National Board of Revenue of Bangladesh appointed him as Research and Statistics Expert on its Modernization and Automation Project.
Chowdhury involved himself with many publications and publishing houses. He engineered establishment of two publishing houses, namely Adhuna Prokashonay and Desh Prokashan. He played a vital role in the publication of a monthly literary magazine titled Ditiyo Chinta (tr. "Second Thought"), published from Mymensingh town and edited by Iffat Ara since 1985. He also conceived and organized publication of monthly "Adhuna" (1985-1987), a top-rate literary magazine edited by poet Shamsur Rahman. He worked as the Literary editor of the daily Banglabazaar Patrika for a brief period (1992-93).

Literary works

Poet Jibanananda Das

Chowdhury has worked extensively on life and works of Bengal's most popular modern poet Jibanananda Das. He has published a number of titles on his poetry. He has translated a number of Jibanananda poems into English, reviewed a number of poems, written a good number of articles on the literary works and style of the poet. One of his major contribuiton is collection and publicaiton of all non-ficitonal prose works of poet Jibanananda Das. He considers Jibanananda Das as a poet with all signs of post-modern poetry. ["Jibanananda Daser 'Mrityur Aage"' (literary criticism)(ed.), 2000: Dibya Prokash, Dhaka.]

Humayun Ahmed

He is regarded as one of the most reliable critic of Humayun Ahmed who is the most popular fictionist of modern Bengali literature. He has published a number articles on this author. Recently he has been commissioned by a publisher for writing a literaray biography of Humayun Ahmed scheduled to be published in 2009.

Translation

Chowdhury has translated all major Bengali poets into English. His compilation "Poems from Bangladesh" has been accepted for publication by Pathak Samabesh, Dhaka. His "Poems from Jibanananda Das" published in 1995 was an important collection of poems of Bengal's most important modernist poet Jibanananda Das. He has also translated fiction of Maltese fictionist Oliver Friggieri, Booker awardee Arundhati Roy of India and exiled poet Taslima Nasrin, among others.

Economic works

Chowdhury has dealt many aspects of applied economics. His works include revenue administration, economics of tax evasion, design of value added tax, economics of smuggling, rent seeking by public servants, economics of corruption, tax administration and tax evasion, tax farming and making of budgetary policy, among others.

Economics of Customs Evasion

Since 1973, a huge volume of works has been produced on the economics of tax evasion. However, most of the researches have focused mainly on evasion of income tax and other sorts of taxes, particulalrly indirect taxes, have been neglected. Chowdhury, in 1992, produced an economic model of evasion of customs duty which is the pre-dominant form of tax in low income countries around the world. This model is built upon the economics of crime model developed by Nobel Laureate economist Gary Becker [Becker, G. S. 'Crime and Punishment: An economic Approach', "Journal of Political Economy", Vol.76, p.169-217, 1968] . Chowdhury has explained that, when an opportunity exists, the level of customs evasion depends on two important factors, namely, probability of detection and level of statutory penalty. He expanded the model by factoring in bribe which leads to accountability conspiracy [Dowding, K. The Civil Service, 1995: London: Routledge.] and, consequently, detection is not reported to the authority.

Production-substituting Smuggling

Research on smuggling is scanty. Bhagwati and Hansen first forwarded a theory of smuggling in which they saw smuggling essentially as an import-substituting economic activity [Bhagwati, Jagdish N and Hansen, B. 'A Theoretical Analysis of Smuggling',"Quarterly Journal of Economics", 87, 2, May 1973, pp. 172-87.] In contrast, Chowdhury, in 1999, suggested a production-substituting model of smuggling in which price disparity due to cost of supply is critically important as an incentive for smuggling of goods that are substitutes of locally produced goods. This price disparity is caused by domestic consumption taxes as well as import duties. Drawing attention to the case of cigarette, Chowdhury suggested that, in Bangladesh, smuggling of cigarettes reduced the level of domestic production. Domestic production of cigarettes is subject to VAT and other consumption taxes. Reduction of domestic taxes enables the local producer to supply at a lower cost and bring down the price disparity that encourages smuggling. However, Chowdhury suggested that there is a limit beyond which reducing domestic taxes on production cannot be feasible for adding competitive advantage "vis-à-vis" smuggled cigarettes. Therefore, government needs to upscale its anti-smuggling drive so that seizures can add to the cost of smuggling and render smuggling uncompetitive thereby. Notably, Chowdhury modelled the case of the smuggler vis-a-vis the local producer as one of antagonistic duopoly

Rent seeking bureaucracy

Economic explanation of bureaucracy was forward by William Niskanen who theorized a model of budget maximizing bureaucracy [Niskanen, W. "Bureaucracy and Representative Government", 1971, Chicago: Aldine-Atherton.] . Patrick Dunleavy offered an alternative theory of bureau-shaping bureaucracy [Dunleavy, P. "Democracy, Bureaucracy and Public Choice", 1991, New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf.] . Both of them focused on the nature and behaviour of only top level bureaucrats. In contrast, Chowdhury offered the concept of rent seeking bureaucracy in which the cost of producing and supplying public goods is pushed up by the rent-seeking nature of public servants of all levels [Chowdhury, F. L. "Corrupt Bureaucracy and Privatization of Tax Enforcement", 1997, dissertation submitted to Department of Government, London School of Economics, London.] . It is rent or bribe that adds to the cost of production.

Market in Corruption

In explaining economics of corruption, Chowdhury [Chowdhury, F. L. "Markets in Corruption", Mimeograph : 1992, Monash University] theorized that a market in corruption exists in public bureaucracy. The level of corruption is determined by the demand and supply forces as apply to other commodities and services. In the public offices, corruption is demanded by the clients (e.g. a tax-payer) and it is the civil servants who supply it (e.g. a tax collector). Chowdhury suggested that corruption could be controlled if direct and physical interaction between the civil servants and their clients could be removed whereby the market in corruption would be rendered inoperative. Human interface in the public office could be avoided through automation, computerization and inter-active web-technology. In absence of human interface, scope for negotiation for a corrupt deal and payment of kick-back would be naturally removed resulting in lowering of the level of corruption.

Works in Progress

Chowdhury has compiled 1000 Bengali words that are in written and published text of twentieth century but not yet collected in any dictionary. He has also compiled 120 book-reviews published during 120 years since 1880. He expects to finalize these manuscripts by 2008. He is also preparing a book on comparative study of written Bengali pornography of Bangladesh and West Bengal of India. He is also working on critical appreciaiton of Bengali poetry to be styled "In search of Memorable Speech". He intends to finish his first novel "Living for another day" by 2009 which he started in 1997.

In social science he is working on a book to be titled "Democratic Society - Tyranny of the Minority". Also, he is working on welfare impact of corruption in a poverty-laden society.

Participation in Internaitonal Seminars

Chowdhury participated and spoke in a large number of internaitonal seminars inclduing the following : (a) 1999: International Seminar on Kyoto Convention on Customs procedures, held in 1999, in Kobe, Japan, jointly organized by World Customs Organization and Japan Customs;
* (b) 2002: International Seminar on controlling the financing of the NGOs, held in Colombo, Sri Lanka, in 2002, organized by the British Government DFID;
* (c) 2003: International Seminar on Child Labour in Asia, 2003, Dhaka, Bangladesh.- a delegate from the Prime Minister’s Office, Bangladesh;
* (d) 2003: International Seminar on E-Governance, organized by the US Department of State, 2003, Washington;
* (e) 2004: LDC Ministerial held in Brussels in 2004, on the Everything But Arms (EBA) initiative of the European Union;
* (f) 2005: ACP/LDC Ministerial held in Brussels in 2005, in preparation of the Hong Kong Summit (Dec, 2005) on the Doha Development Agenda (DDA);
* (g) 2006: Role of Customs in Preventing Trade in Counterfeit Products, World Customs Organization, Brussels, 2006.
* (h) 2007: He represented Bangladesh in the 5th Plenary of the KPCS held in Brussels on 05-08 November 2007, under the chair of the European Commission.
* (i) He attended the High Level Forum Held on Intellectual Property rights for LDCs held at the World Intellectual Property Organization, as a member of the Bangladesh delegation. [ [http://www.wipo.int/pressroom/en/articles/2007/article_0087.html Importance of IP for Development in LDCs Emphasized at High Level Forum ] ]

Publications

Literary

(a) "Jibanananda Daser "Aat Bochor Ager Ek Deen" (literary criticism)(ed.), 1994: Dibya Prokash, Dhaka.
(b) "Jibanananda Daser "Godhuli Sandhir Nritya"(literary criticism)(ed.), 1995: Dibya Prokash, Dhaka.
(c) "Jibanananda Daser "Mrityur Aage" (literary criticism)(ed.), 2000: Dibya Prokash, Dhaka.
(d) "Oprakashito Jibanananda 51"(Poetry anthology)(ed., 2000 : Mawla Brothers, Dhaka
(e) "Amiyo Chakrabartyr Sreshtha Prabandha" (Anthology of Essays)(ed.). 1998: Mawla Brothers, Dhaka
(f) "Jibanananda Daser Prabandha Samagra"(Anthology of Essays)(ed.), 2000: 2nd edition, Mawla Brothers, Dhaka.
(g) "Stories of Nadine Gordimer" (translated)(ed. with Introduciton), 1992: Dibya Prokash, Dhaka.
(h) "Oliver Friggeirie's Koranta and Other Short Stories from Malta" (translated)(ed), Desh Prokason, 1998: Dhaka.
(i) "Chotoder, Boroder" (Collection of Bengali rhymes)(ed.), 1990: Shilpataru, Dhaka.
(j) "Shilpa Shahitye Nagnata Jounata Oshlilata" (Anthology of Essays with Introduction)(ed.), 2000 : Dibya Prokash, Dhaka
(k) "Arundhati Roy’s "Avilash Talkies" (Translated with Introduciton), 1999: Dibya Prokash, Dhaka
(l) "Jibanananda Daser Agranthitha Prabandhabali" (Anthology of uncompiled essays by poet Jibanananda das)(ed.), 2000: Mawla Brothers, Dhaka.
(m) "Prasanga : Jibanananda" (Literary essays on poet Jibanananda Das), 2000: Somoy Prokashon, Dhaka.
(n) "Bengali Essays of Nirad C. Chowdhury" (Anthology of Essays with Introduction)(ed.), 2000 : Somoy Prokashon, Dhaka.
(o) "Jibanananda Bibechona" (Anthology of essays on poet Jibanananda Das with Introduction)(ed.), 1999: Anya Prokash, Dhaka.
(p) "Jibanananda – Tulonay, Shomporkey" (Anthology of comparative essays on poet Jibanananda Das with Introduciton)(ed.), 2000 : Somoy Prokashon, Dhaka.
(q) "Poems from Jibanananda Das" (ed. Tr.), 1995: Creatibe Workshop, Chittagong.
(r) 'Homosexual References in Bengali Literature', 1999: "Jijnasa", Calcutta.
(s) "Voice of Hayat Saif", (ed. Tr.), 1999: Desh Prokashan, Dhaka.

ocial science

Chowdhury, F. L. (1992) "Evasion of Customs Duty in Bangladesh", unpublished MBA dissertation submitted to Monash University, Australia.
Chowdhury, F. L. (1994) 'An Estimate of under-invoicing in relation to Bangladesh's import from seven Asian partner countries', "Fiscal Frontier", Dhaka.
Chowdhury, F. L. (1995) 'Need for upgrading fiscal reforms for small and medium enterprises in Bangladesh', Key-note paper presented in a seminar organized by Dhaka Chamber of Commerce and Industries, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Chowdhury, F. L. (1999) "A production-substitution model of Smuggling", Key-note paper presented in a seminar organized by the National Board of Revenue, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Chowdhury, F. L. (2006) "Corrupt bureaucracy and privatization of Customs in Bangladesh", Pathok Samabesh, Dhaka.

References

External links

* [http://prothom-alo.com/archive/news_details_fcat.php?dt=2007-10-19&issue_id=402&cat_id=&nid=MTQ5ODk=&fid=MTY= Doris Lessing : Rise of a defeated person]
* [http://www.geocities.com/jamil_03/ Corrupt Bureaucracy and Privatization of Tax enforcement]
* [http://www.geocities.com/poetjibananandadas/ Website on Jibanananda Das]
* [http://www.newagebd.com/2005/sep/06/oped.html]
* [http://www.newagebd.com/2005/sep/11/oped.html]
* [http://www.newagebd.com/2005/nov/29/oped.html]
* [http://www.newagebd.com/2004/dec/18/edit.html]
* [http://www.newagebd.com/2004/dec/02/oped.html]
* [http://www.mukto-mona.com/Articles/faizul_latif/jibanananda.htm]
* [http://www.basbhumi.com/Basbhumi-Eid-Shuchi-07.htm "Tagore's Song Offerings : Reception by the West"]
* [http://www.geocities.com/poetjibananandadas/trans/ndx.html Beyond Land and Time]