Lalla Fatma N'Soumer

Lalla Fatma N'Soumer

Lalla Fadhma n'Soumer, in Kabyle Lla Faḍma n Sumer (Werja, Kabylie about 1830 - Béni Slimane 1863) was an important figure of the Kabyle resistance movement during the first years of the French colonial conquest of Algiers. The impact of her involvement was such that she has been seen as the embodiment of the struggle and has been called the “Joan of Arc of Kabylie.” [http://www.majliselouma.dz/new_site/ColDefense150903/Biographie2.htm] Dead link|date=March 2008] "Lalla", the female equivalent of "sidi", is an honorific reserved for women of high rank, or who are venerated as saints. "Fadhma" is the Berber pronunciation of the Arabic name "Fatima".

Biography

N'Soumer was born in the Kabyle village of Werja, from a Muslim marabout family, around the year 1830. Depending on the source, she is said to have had 4 or 5 siblings. Her father, Sidi Ahmed Mohamed, directed the Koranic school (Berber: "timâammert") of Sidi Ahmed u Mezyan in the nearby village of Summer. Traditional sources agree that Fadhma showed a decisive and stubborn character from her early childhood. For instance, she insisted on following lessons in the Koran in her father’s school, very unusual social behaviour for a young girl in that culture.

Wedding and renunciation

When she was 16, her relatives arranged her wedding, as was customary, to Yahia N At Iboukhoulef, one of her uncles on her mother’s side. However, she refused to submit herself to the husband chosen by her relatives, choosing to return to her religious studies. For a 19th century Kabylie woman, it was unthinkable to reject her role of wife and mother and aspire to the typically masculine role of a religious scholar.

Subsequently, being considered a "tabudalit" (a woman possessed by the Spirit), she followed a life of asceticism, committed to the practice and study of religion, and continued her studies at the "timâammert" in Summer. After the death of her father, his older brother Si Tahar, who was himself gifted with great charisma, took over running the school. Like her father and brothers, Lalla Fadhma was an adept of the mystic fraternity of Rahmaniya.

Soon after, it was said that Lalla Fadma had visions in which she had contact with wali, and that she was able to foresee the future. Her fame spread so much that Muslims from all Kabylie came to her to ask her advice and to offer her gifts. She received pilgrims in a room of the family's house in Summer, which still stands today.

To everyone, the young hermit seemed not only pious and wise, but also young and beautiful: she took great care of her body and clothes, and she habitually wore expensive jewelry. Everyone meeting her was deeply struck by these features.

Resistance to the French invasion: Bou Baghla

The French began their occupation of Algiers in 1830, starting with a landing in Algiers. As occupation turned into colonization, Kabylia remained the only region independent of the French government. Pressure on the region increased, and the will of her people to resist and defend Kabylie increased as well.

A turning point in Lalla Fadma's life was the arrival in Kabylie, in about 1849, of a mysterious man who presented himself as Mohamed ben Abdallah (the name of the Prophet), but who is more commonly known as Bou Baghla. He was probably an ex-lieutenant in the army of Emir Abdelkader, defeated for the last time by the French in 1847. Bou Baghla refused to surrender at that battle, and retreated to Kabylie. From there he began a war against the French armies and their allies, often employing guerrilla tactics . Bou Baghla was a relentless fighter, and very eloquent in Arabic. He was very religious, and some legends tell about his thaumaturgic skills.

Bou Baghla went often to Summer to talk with the high-ranking members of the religious community, and Lalla Fadhma was soon attracted by his strong personality. At the same time, the relentless combatant was attracted by a woman so resolutely willing to contribute, by any means possible, to the war against the French. With her inspiring speeches, she convinced many men to fight as "imseblen" (volunteers ready to die as martyrs) and she herself, together with other women, participated in combat by providing cooking, medicines, and comfort to the fighting forces.

Traditional sources tell that a strong bond was formed between Lalla Fadhma and Bou Baghla. She saw this as a wedding of peers, rather than the traditional submission as a slave to a husband. In fact, at that time Bou Baghla left his first wife (Fatima Bent Sidi Aissa) and sent back to her owner a slave he had as a concubine (Halima Bent Messaoud). But on her side, Lalla Fadhma wasn't free: even if she was recognized as "tamnafeqt" ("woman who left her husband to get back to his family", a Kabylie institution), the matrimonial tie with her husband was still in place, and only her husband's will could free her. However he did not agree to, even when offered large bribes. The love between Fadhma and Bou remained platonic, but there were public expressions of this feeling between the two.

Fadhma was personally present at many fights in which Bou Baghla was involved, particularly the battle of Tachekkirt won by Bou Baghla forces (18–19 July 1854), where the French General Randon was caught but managed to escape later.On 26 December 1854, Bou Baghla was killed; some sources claim it was due to the treason of some of his allies. The resistance remained without a charismatic leader and a commander able to guide it efficiently. For this reason, during the first months of 1855, on a sanctuary built on top of the Azru Nethor peak, not far from the village where Fadhma was born, there was a great council among combatants and important figures of the tribes in Kabylie. They decided to grant Lalla Fadhma, assisted by her brothers, the command of combat.

Last stand and surrender

Tired of continuous combat actions from the Kabylie resistance, General Randon, appointed Marshal of France, decided to carry out, in the late spring of 1857, what was called by the French the "Kabylie pacification". For the assault he gathered an army of about 45,000 men (35,000 French soldiers and some thousands of indigenous troops), divided in many columns to attack en masse at the same time on all the sides of the Kabylie resistance. The offensive started on May 17.

Defeat was inevitable for the Kabylie people, being outnumbered and outgunned by their enemies, and their villages and tribes fell one after another in just a few months. The first tribe to be defeated was the At Yiraten; on their territory the French started to build a fort (Fort Napoléon, named after Napoleon III) on June 14.

A strong defensive line managed to stop, with great losses and only temporarily, the attackers at Icherriden (, Takhlijt n At Aadsou, near Tirourda hill.

On July 11, the last village held by Kabyle rebels, Takhlijt n At Aadsou, was stormed by the French and conquered. The reports about the fight are not clear: it is reported that there were episodes of corruption and treasons, which is highly probable—moving in those regions without expert guides would've been almost impossible. Some French reports tell that it was Lalla Fadhma's brother, Sidi Tayeb, who sold his tribe and his sister in exchange for the promise to not harm the village where his sister and her troops were hiding. But it's more likely he just negotiated the surrender after the military defeat. However, even if there were any agreement, the French army didn't respect them, invading the village, sent off the men, and forced Lalla Fadhma to exit from the house where she was hiding with the other women and children.

Lalla Fadhma n'Soumer was taken as a prisoner together with about two hundred more women and children, who were sent with her to a detention camp at the Zaouia of Beni Slimane in Tablat, under control of a "bachagha" (local authority) loyal to French.

Lalla Fadhma in the present times

After more than a century from her death, Lalla Fadhma's fame is still alive and present in all Algeria, and in particular in her region, Kabylia. In fact, many artists and bands composed pictures and songs about her—one of the best known songs dedicated to her is by "Tagrawla", an Algierine band. An Algerian feminist association was renamed "Daughters of Lalla Fatma N Soummer" in her honor.

Lalla Fadhma, and her example of a steadfast and fearless woman, is still interesting at the present time; in fact when in 1995 her remains were transferred to the heroes' cemetery of El Alia, Algiers, the actual date and time of the ceremony was not announced in advance, but only told to the media what had been done after it happened. The Algiers authority were seen by the media as embarrassed to do this move just after passing a bill about Family Code which was extremely harsh with women; in this way, the authorities would not have to take care of possible "unpleasant" manifestations by the women's associations which find in Lalla Fadhma an important figure embodying a deeply independent and modern woman.

Bibliography

* Emile Carrey, "Récits de Kabylie. Campagne de 1857", Paris 1858
* Adolphe Hanoteau, "Poésies populaires de la Kabylie du Jurjura", Paris 1867
* Tahar Oussedik, "Lalla Fadhma n'Summer", Algeri, Laphomic, 1983
* Boukhalfa Bitam, "Fadhma n'Soumer. Une autre lecture du combat de l'illustre fille de Werja", Draa Ben Khedda, Aurassi, 2000

ee also

* Ethnocentrism
* Imperialism
* Scramble for Africa

External links

* [http://www.majliselouma.dz/new_site/ColDefense150903/Biographie2.htm An online biography (often incorrect and a bit enphatic), on Algiers parlament site]
* [http://www.kabyle.com/article.php?id_article=1796 An article confronting informations on Lalla Fadhma coming from oral and written sources]

Notes


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Поможем написать реферат

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Lalla Fatma N'Soumer — Fadhma Nat Si Hmed Lalla Fatma N Soumer Surnom Jeanne d Arc du Djurdjura …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Lalla — (abrégé en « Lla »), nom d origine berbère signifiant en français « Madame », est un titre, un signe de distinction donné aux femmes importantes ou issues de grandes familles d Afrique du nord. Le nom peut aussi être utilisé,… …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Lalla Khlidja — (ou Yemma Khelidja comme l appellent les Kabyles) est une sainte et poetesse femme kabyle de la tribu d imchedalen, elle est l épouse de belkacem nath bouhreve dit (jeddi belqacem) de village ivelvarene dans la commune de M chedallah (ex Maillot) …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Lalla (disambiguation) — Infobox Given Name Revised name = Lalla imagesize= caption= pronunciation= gender = meaning = region = origin = related names = footnotes = The name Lalla might refer to:*Lalla, an 8th century Indian mathematician and astronomer. *Lalla of Arneae …   Wikipedia

  • Amazigh — Berbères Berbères Imazighen Populations significatives par régions …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Amazighe — Berbères Berbères Imazighen Populations significatives par régions …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Amazighes — Berbères Berbères Imazighen Populations significatives par régions …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Amazighité — Berbères Berbères Imazighen Populations significatives par régions …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Amazighs — Berbères Berbères Imazighen Populations significatives par régions …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Barabras — Berbères Berbères Imazighen Populations significatives par régions …   Wikipédia en Français

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”