- Penguin diagram
In
quantum field theory , penguin diagrams are a class ofFeynman diagrams which are important for understanding CP violating processes in the standard model.They were first isolated and studied by
Arkady Vainshtein , and the processes which they describe were first observed in 1991 and 1994 by the CLEO collaboration.Origin of the name
John Ellis was the first to refer to a certain class of Feynman diagrams as penguin diagrams, due in part to their shape, and in part to a legendary bar-room bet with
Melissa Franklin . According to John Ellis: [ [http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9510397 [hep-ph/9510397 ITEP Lectures in Particle Physics ] ]cquote
[Mary K. Gaillard|Mary K. [Gaillard] , [Dimitri Nanopoulos|Dimitri [Nanopoulos] and I first got interested in what are now called penguin diagrams while we were studying
CP violation in theStandard Model in 1976... The penguin name came in 1977, as follows.In the spring of 1977,
Mike Chanowitz , Mary K and I wrote a paper on GUTs predicting the b quark mass before it was found. When it was found a few weeks later, Mary K, Dimitri,Serge Rudaz and I immediately started working on its phenomenology. That summer, there was a student atCERN ,Melissa Franklin who is now an experimentalist at Harvard. One evening, she, I and Serge went to a pub, and she and I started a game of darts. We made a bet that if I lost I had to put the word penguin into my next paper. She actually left the darts game before the end, and was replaced by Serge, who beat me. Nevertheless, I felt obligated to carry out the conditions of the bet.For some time, it was not clear to me how to get the word into this b quark paper that we were writing at the time. Then, one evening, after working at CERN, I stopped on my way back to my apartment to visit some friends living in
Meyrin where I smoked some illegal substance. Later, when I got back to my apartment and continued working on our paper, I had a sudden flash that the famous diagrams look like penguins. So we put the name into our paper, and the rest, as they say, is history.References
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