Infinite monkey theorem in popular culture

The infinite monkey theorem and its associated imagery is considered a popular and proverbial illustration of the mathematics of probability, widely known to the general public because of its transmission through popular culture rather than because of its transmission via the classroom. [Examples of the theorem being referred to as proverbial include: [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=1047-840X%281999%2910%3A4%3C351%3AWCINLT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-X Why Creativity Is Not like the Proverbial Typing Monkey] Jonathan W. Schooler, Sonya Dougal, "Psychological Inquiry", Vol. 10, No. 4 (1999); and "The Case of the Midwife Toad" (Arthur Koestler, New York, 1972, page 30): "Neo-Darwinism does indeed carry the nineteenth-century brand of materialism to its extreme limits—to the proverbial monkey at the typewriter, hitting by pure chance on the proper keys to produce a Shakespeare sonnet." The latter is sourced from [http://www.angelfire.com/in/hypnosonic/Parable_of_the_Monkeys.html Parable of the Monkeys] , a collection of historical references to the theorem in various formats.]

However, this popularity as either presented to or taken in the public's mind often over-simplifies or confuses important aspects of the different scales of the concepts involved: infinity, probability, and time — all of these are in measures beyond average human experience and practical comprehension or comparison.

Popularity

The history of the imagery of 'typing monkeys' dates back at least as far as Borel's use of the metaphor in his essay in 1913, and this imagery has recurred many times since in a variety of media.

*The Hoffmann and Hofmann paper (2001) referenced a collection compiled by Jim Reeds, titled 'The Parable of the Monkeys — a.k.a. The Topos of the Monkeys and the Typewriters'. [ [http://www.angelfire.com/in/hypnosonic/Parable_of_the_Monkeys.html The Parable of the Monkeys] , as of 2007, is hosted at the website of the experimental music/dance/performance art group [http://www.angelfire.com/in/hypnosonic/ Infinite Monkeys] .]
*The enduring, widespread and popular nature of the knowledge of the theorem was noted in a 2001 paper, "Monkeys, Typewriters and Networks — the Internet in the Light of the Theory of Accidental Excellence". In their introduction to that paper, Hoffmann and Hofmann stated: "The Internet is home to a vast assortment of quotations and experimental designs concerning monkeys and typewriters. They all expand on the theory […] that if an infinite number of monkeys were left to bang on an infinite number of typewriters, sooner or later they would accidentally reproduce the complete works of William Shakespeare (or even just one of his sonnets)." [ [http://skylla.wz-berlin.de/pdf/2002/ii02-101.pdf Monkeys, Typewriters and Networks] , Ute Hoffmann & Jeanette Hofmann, Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung gGmbH (WZB), 2001.]
*In 2002, a Washington Post article said: "Plenty of people have had fun with the famous notion that an infinite number of monkeys with an infinite number of typewriters and an infinite amount of time could eventually write the works of Shakespeare." [ [http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A28521-2002Oct27?language=printer "Hello? This is Bob"] , Ken Ringle, "Washington Post", 28 October 2002, page C01.]
*In 2003, an Arts Council funded experiment involving real monkeys and a computer keyboard received widespread press coverage. [ [http://www.vivaria.net/experiments/notes/documentation/press/ Notes Towards the Complete Works of Shakespeare] — some press clippings.]
*In 2007, the theorem was listed by "Wired" magazine in a list of eight classic thought experiments. [ [http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/magazine/15-06/st_best The Best Thought Experiments: Schrödinger's Cat, Borel's Monkeys] , Greta Lorge, Wired Magazine: Issue 15.06, May 2007.]
*Another study of the history was published in the introduction to a study published in 2007 by Terry Butler, "Monkeying Around with Text". [ [http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/epc/chwp/CHC2005/Butler/Butler.htm Monkeying Around with Text] , Terry Butler, University of Alberta, Computing in the Humanities Working Papers, 2007.]

Today, popular interest in the typing monkeys is sustained by numerous appearances in literature, television and radio, music, and the Internet, as well as graphic novels and stand-up comedy routines. Several collections of cultural references to the theorem have been published.

The following thematic timelines are based on these existing collections. The timelines are not comprehensive — instead, they document notable examples of references to the theorem appearing in various media. [The examples included invariably refer directly to a variation on the theme of a large number of typing monkeys producing a work of literature, usually, but not always, a work by Shakespeare. Infinite libraries, and random text generation (instead of monkeys) are also included. Trivial or incomplete references are excluded.] The initial timeline starts with some of the early history following Borel, and the later timelines record examples of the history, from the stories by Maloney and Borges in the 1940s, up to the present day.

Early history

*1913 — Émile Borel’s essay — “Mécanique Statistique et Irréversibilité”
*1928 — Arthur Eddington’s book — "The Nature of the Physical World"
*1931 — James Jean’s book — "The Mysterious Universe"
*1939 — Jorge Luis Borges’s essay — “The Total Library”

Literature

*1940 — In "Inflexible Logic" by Russell Maloney, a short story that appeared in "The New Yorker" in 1940, the protagonist felt that his wealth put him under an obligation to support the sciences, and so he tested the theory. His monkeys immediately set to work typing, without error, classics of fiction and nonfiction. The rich man was amused to see unexpurgated versions of Samuel Pepys's diaries, of which he owned only a copy of a bowdlerised edition. [ [http://math.cofc.edu/kasman/MATHFICT/mfview.php?callnumber=mf99 Inflexible Logic] , synopsis at the Mathematical Fiction database.] [ The story was reprinted in the classic four-volume "The World of Mathematics" by James R. Newman, published in 1956.]
*1941 — Jorge Luis Borges' "The Library of Babel" (1941) depicts a library which contains books consisting of every single possible permutation of characters. The narrator notes that every great work of literature is contained in the library; but these are outnumbered by the flawed works (which are themselves vastly outnumbered by works of pure gibberish). No monkeys are involved, though the monkey analogy is mentioned by Borges in his earlier 1939 essay 'The Total Library', and a scene from the story does involve the thought that inhabitants of the library could construct books at random:

"…all men should juggle letters and symbols until they constructed, by an improbable gift of chance, these canonical books". [ [http://jubal.westnet.com/hyperdiscordia/library_of_babel.html The Library of Babel] , Jorge Luis Borges, 1941 (translated 1962).]

*1967 - In first act of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead by Tom Stoppard, Guildenstern muses that "If six monkeys were thrown up in the air for long enough they would land on their tails about as often as they would land on their heads" [Tom Stoppard. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead, London: Faber, 1967. ]
*1970 — A humorous short story by R. A. Lafferty, "Been a Long, Long Time" ("Fantastic", December 1970), tells the story of an angel who is punished by having to supervise (for trillions of years) randomly-typing monkeys who are attempting to produce a perfect copy of the collected works of Shakespeare. [ [http://math.cofc.edu/kasman/MATHFICT/mfview.php?callnumber=mf464 Been a long, long time] , synopsis by Fred Galvin, at the Mathematical Fiction database.]
*1979 — In "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" (radio broadcast in 1978), Arthur, while under the effects of the Infinite Improbability Drive, discovers an infinite number of monkeys and tells Ford of their intentions:

""Ford!" he said, "there's an infinite number of monkeys outside who want to talk to us about this script for Hamlet they've worked out."" [Douglas Adams. The Hitchhikers' Guide to the Galaxy, London: Pan, 1979. ]

*1979 — Michael Ende's "The Neverending Story" included a chapter in which some persons play a game with some dice with alphabetic characters carved on the faces. Rules are not clear but supposedly the dice are thrown and the results of them are the words, which are then collected. Sometimes, a coherent word or sentence will be formed and eventually all the stories of the world will appear in this game.
*1987 — In the one-act play "Words, Words, Words" by David Ives, three monkeys named Milton, Swift, and Kafka have been confined to a cage by a Dr Rosenbaum, who has the hypothesis:

"Three monkeys hitting keys at random on typewriters for an infinite amount of time will almost surely produce "Hamlet" ".

The play's humour mainly involves literary references, including moments when the random typing produces passages from great works of literature. The play premiered in January 1987, and is still being performed over 20 years later. [ [http://theater2.nytimes.com/mem/theater/treview.html?res=9B0DE5D71630F936A25752C0A961948260 The Stage: One-acts at Punchline] , Mel Gussow, "The New York Times", 15 January 1987.] [ [http://www.willrep.org/news.html It's All in the Laughing, All in the Timing will have you in stitches] , review by Melissa Bearns for Eugene Weekly, 4 June 2006.]
*1996 — In Jim Cowan's short story "The Spade of Reason" (published in "Century" 4, 1996), the main character seeks to find meaning in the universe through text randomly generated through various means; the original program he uses to do so is something he dubs the "Motorola Monkey".
*2003 — In J.M. Coetzee's novel "Elizabeth Costello" (2003) Elizabeth Costello's son John thinks:

"Sleep", he thinks, "that knits up the ravelled sleeve of care". What an extraordinary way of putting it! Not all the monkeys in the world picking away at typewriters all their lives would come up with those words in that arrangement."

Television and radio

*1983 — In the "Doctor Who" episode "Mawdryn Undead", the Doctor mentions the theorem in passing (quoting it as "a treeful of monkeys"), stating to Tegan that "you and I both know, at the end of a millennium they'd still be tapping out gibberish." Tegan's response: "And you'd be tapping it out right alongside them."
*1993 — In "The Simpsons" episode "Last Exit to Springfield", Montgomery Burns has his own room with 1000 monkeys at typewriters, one of which he chastises for mistyping a word in the opening sentence of "A Tale of Two Cities" — "It was the best of times, it was the "blurst" of times? You stupid monkey!" [ [http://www.simpsoncrazy.com/information/scripts/9f15.shtml Last Exit To Springfield script] , Simpson Crazy wesbite.] [ [http://www.pressconnects.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070727/LIFESTYLE/707270303/1004/LIFESTYLE Woo-hoo! A look at the 10 best 'Simpsons' episodes ever] , Press & Sun-Bulletin, 27 July 2007. "The genius of this joke is a child can laugh at it, but those who understand the allusion to Charles Dickens and the infinite monkey theorem can laugh on another level."]
*1998 - An advertisement for Molson Canadian beer depicts an array of typing chimpanzees filling a seemingly endless cathedral-like structure while a voice-over sardonically asks "Could an infinite number of monkeys on an infinite number of typewriters eventually define what it is to be Canadian?" ["Molson Monkeys", "Advertising Age", June 1998]
*1999 — The infinite monkey theorem is the subject of a brief sketch in the "Histeria!" episode "Super Writers".
*1999 — "A Troo Storee", an episode of "I Am Weasel", features a large room filled with several types of monkeys with typewriters who are working on a novel. When Weasel tries to pay them in bananas, they consider it an insult and quit their job, all except for Baboon. [ [http://www.tv.com/i-am-weasel/a-troo-storee/episode/170385/summary.html?tag=ep_list;ep_title;22 A Troo Storee] , TV.com episode guide: "Weasel tries to test the "monkeys typing Shakespeare" theorem".]
*2000 — In the "Family Guy" episode "The King is Dead", Lois questions Peter's creativity, to which he replies:

"Oh, art-schmart. Put enough monkeys in a room with a typewriter they'll produce Shakespeare."

The scene then cuts to several monkeys in a room, arguing over which flower is most appropriate in the famous line from "Romeo and Juliet". [ [http://www.familyguy.com/search/index.php?cat=flash&id=127 Family Guy official website] — script of the "Monkeys Writing Shakespeare" scene.]
*2001 — In the sixth episode of the first season of "The Ricky Gervais Show", comedian Ricky Gervais tries to explain this theorem to Karl Pilkington, who refuses to believe it possible. In attempting to explain the mathematics behind the theorem, Gervais eventually gives up and storms out of the room when, after a long explication by Gervais and Steve Merchant, Karl says, "If they haven't even read Shakespeare, how do they know what they're doin?" [ [http://www.xfm.co.uk/Article.asp?id=25769 XFM archives] "Season 1 Vol. 6", "Do you know what he said to me? I explained it to him, I said 'You've got an infinite number of monkeys, an infinite number of typewriters, they will type the complete works of Shakespeare.' He said, 'Have they read Shakespeare?'"]
*2005 — At the end of the "Robot Chicken" episode "Badunkadunk", the Stoopid Monkey production logo's background is made up of upside-down text pertaining to the Infinite Monkey Theorem. [ [http://www.robotchicken.info/gallery/view_photo.php?set_albumName=Stoop%21d_Monkey&id=Stoop_d_Monkey_Badunkadunk The Robot Chicken Wiki] — Screenshot of "Robot Chicken" Stoopid Monkey production logo that refers to the Infinite Monkey Theorem]
*2005 — In the "Veronica Mars" episode "Cheatty Cheatty Bang Bang", Veronica, commenting on the sudden realisation she did know David 'Curly' Moran says:

"Somewhere, those million chimps, with their million typewriters, must've written King Lear."

*2006 — In June 2006, "The Colbert Report" featured a humorous segment on how many monkeys it would take for various works. This was in response to comments made in the news on monkeys typing out the Bible or the Qur'an. According to Colbert, one million monkeys typing for eternity would produce a Shakespeare, ten thousand (drinking) monkeys typing for ten thousand years would produce Hemingway, and ten monkeys typing for three days would produce a work of Dan Brown.
*2007 — In an episode of the daytime soap opera "The Young and the Restless" (broadcast January and February 2007 in Canada and the USA), when Colleen Carlton copies scrambled letters obtained from the Grugeon Reliquary onto a dry board, Professor Adrian Korbel jokingly asks if she's testing the Infinite Monkey Theorem. When asked what this is, he replies:

"Thomas Henry Huxley said if you gave keyboards to an infinite amount of monkeys, and gave said monkeys an infinite amount of time… Well it is safe to say…you are not the magic monkey." [ [http://tvmegasite.net/day/yr/transcripts/older/2007/yr-trans-02-01-07.shtml Episode transcript] , at tvmegasite.net]

Comics and graphic novels

*1989 — In the comic strip "Dilbert", Dogbert tells Dilbert that his poem would take "three monkeys, ten minutes".
*1990 — The "Animal Man" comic by Grant Morrison (a revival of the Animal Man DC character) contained an issue ("Monkey Puzzles") including a monkey who typed not only the works of Shakespeare, but comic books as well. The TPB this issue is collected in ("Deus ex Machina" — 2003) featured an "infinite" number of Grant Morrisons typing on the cover. [ [http://www.io.com/~woodward/chroma/crtanimal.html Grant Morrison's Animal Man #8-26] , Jonathan Woodward, "Issue #25, July '90: "Monkey Puzzles" […] The text in the typewriter is Morrison's script for this issue. The monkey, of course, is the famous one who, given an infinite amount of time, will eventually write out the complete Shakespeare, completely at random."] [ [http://www.amazon.com/dp/images/156389968X Animal Man, Book 3 — Deus Ex Machina (Paperback)] , Amazon.com scan of the book cover.]
*In the Pearls Before Swine comic strip, Pig and Rat discuss the infinite monkey theorem. Rat asks what that proves to which Pig replies, "Monkeys plagiarize."
*In the FoxTrot comic strip, Jason writes a computer program that prints random characters, which Peter uses to write a Hamlet book report. Peter refers to the theorem when Paige asks him, "What's with all the gobbledygook coming out of the printer?"
*In a comic book written by Scott McCloud about Google Chrome, monkeys on laptops are used as an analogy to random data. [cite web
url= http://www.google.com/googlebooks/chrome/#size=big&page=10
title= Google Chrome
accessdate= 2008-09-04]

Internet culture

*1996 — Robert Wilensky once jocularly remarked, "We've all heard that a million monkeys banging on a million typewriters will eventually reproduce the entire works of Shakespeare. Now, thanks to the Internet, we know this is not true." This version of the internet analogy "began appearing as a very frequent email and web-page epigraph starting in 1997". [http://www.angelfire.com/in/hypnosonic/Parable_of_the_Monkeys.html]
*2000 — The IETF Internet standards committee's April Fools' Day RFC proposed an "Infinite Monkey Protocol Suite (IMPS)", a method of directing a farm of infinitely many monkeys over the Internet. [cite web | title=RFC 2795: The Infinite Monkey Protocol Suite (IMPS) | author=S. Christey | url=http://tools.ietf.org/html/2795 | date= 1 April 2000 | accessdate=2006-06-13]
*2005 — "Goats," a webcomic illustrated by Jonathan Rosenberg, started in August 2005 an ongoing story line named " [http://goats.com/archive/050718.html infinite typewriters] " where several characters accidentally teleport to an alternate dimension. There they find that this dimension is populated by monkeys with typewriters, presumably typing the scripts of many other dimensions.
*2006 — The Infinite Monkey Project was launched by predictive text company T9. The Europe-wide project sees users, unknown to each other, text a word of their choosing to the Website. The text message is free and as it continues the words are combined to form lyrics. The lyrics are then made into a song by the Hip Hop artist Sparo which will be released as an album. If any of the tracks becomes a hit the people who texted in the words for the lyrics will receive royalties from the project. [cite web|url=http://www.computermusic.co.uk/page/computermusic?entry=monkeys|title=The articulate monkeys|publisher=Computer Music|accessdate=2006-11-09] [cite web|url=http://www.pocket-lint.co.uk/news/news.phtml/5299/6323/Infinite-Infinite-Project-t9-texting.phtml|title=Infinite Monkey Project wants your texts|publisher=Pocket-lint|accessdate=2006-11-09] [cite web|url=http://www.caughtinthecrossfire.com/music/news/2445|title=The Infinite Monkey Project|publisher=Crossfire|accessdate=2006-11-09]
*2007- A website named One Million Monkeys Typing was introduced, a collaborative writing site where anyone can sign up and add writing "snippets" that others can add on to, eventually creating stories with many outcomes.

tand-up comedy

*1960 onwards — Comedian Bob Newhart had a stand-up routine in which a lab technician monitoring an "infinitely many monkeys" experiment discovered that one of the monkeys has typed something of interest. A typical punchline would be: "Hey, Harry! This one looks a little famous: 'To be or not to be — that is thegrrdnm zsplkt.'" [ [http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A28521-2002Oct27?language=printer "Hello? This is Bob"] , Ken Ringle, "Washington Post", 28 October 2002, page C01.] [ [http://aroundcny.com/technofile/texts/compupoet85.html Flashback: Computer poetry from 1985] , Al Fasoldt, "The Syracuse Newspapers", 1985.] [The date of 1960 is given in [http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/epc/chwp/CHC2005/Butler/Butler.htm Monkeying Around with Text] , Terry Butler, University of Alberta, "Computing in the Humanities Working Papers", January 2007.]

Music

*1979 — The debut album by Leeds punk rock band the Mekons is called "The Quality of Mercy is Not Strnen" (1979). Originally released on Virgin Records in the United Kingdom, its cover features a photo, not of a monkey, but of a typing chimpanzee. The title refers to a Shakespeare quote from The Merchant of Venice: "The quality of mercy is not strain'd". [ [http://www.mekons.de/mercy.htm Mekons fansite] — picture and commentary on the album and cover: "This unusual title was drawn from the axiom that, if you give a monkey a typewriter and an infinite amount of time, it would eventually produce the complete works of Shakespeare, a wry comment on the group's own musical ability. The rest of the Shakespeare quote appears on the Mekons Story". The last sentence refers to the later collection "The Mekons Story", which included the song 'It Falleth Like Gentle Rain from Heaven'.]
*1989 — The band Negativland sampled Estus Pirkle on their album Helter Stupid (1989) saying, "If you get enough monkeys, enough typewriters, and enough bread, one of them will eventually come up with the King James Version of the Bible!!!" while to chants of "We don't have enough data. We just don't have enough data" said by a Japanese secretary.
*2002 - Hip Hop Artist El-Producto references the theorem in rhyme with "see me as a banshee, as the illest motherfucker since Oedipus / monkey number one million with a typewriter, flipping tempest text" on "Truancy" from the album "Fantastic Damage"
*2007 — Robot Goes Here, an electronic rock band on [http://www.infidelrecords.com Infidel Records] , recorded "The Infinite Monkey Theorem" (2007) featuring a chorus with the lyrics, "Got a pet monkey down in the basement, chained to a typewriter pounding away, churning out copies of the works of Shakespeare; halfway through Hamlet he wrote me this song."

References and notes

External links

* [http://www.angelfire.com/in/hypnosonic/Parable_of_the_Monkeys.html The Parable of the Monkeys] , a bibliography with quotations