The Infernal Desire Machines of Doctor Hoffman

Infobox Book |
name = The Infernal Desire Machines of Doctor Hoffman


image_caption = 1972 edition
author = Angela Carter
cover_artist = Roxanna Bikadoroff
country = United States
language = English
genre = Picaresque
publisher = Penguin Group
pub_date = 1972
pages = 221
isbn = ISBN 0-14-023519-1

"The Infernal Desire Machines of Doctor Hoffman", published in the United States as "The War of Dreams", is a 1972 novel by Angela Carter. This picaresque novel is heavily influenced by surrealism, Romanticism, critical theory, and other branches of Continental philosophy. Its style is an amalgam of magical realism and postmodern pastiche. The novel has been called a theoretical fiction, as it clearly engages in some of the theoretical issues of its time, notably feminism, mass media and the counterculture.

Plot Introduction

Set in an unspecified Latin American country, the novel features Desiderio, a government minister in the main city, currently under attack by Doctor Hoffman's reality distorting machines. Desiderio embarks on a journey to find Hoffman's former physics teacher, eventually bringing him to Hoffman's castle. Rejecting a caged, but nevertheless eternal fulfillment, of his (sexual) desires in the form of Doctor Hoffman's sexually ambivalent daughter Albertina, he kills both the doctor and his lover-to-be, thereby restoring reality.

Plot summary

The novel presents the story from the perspective of Desiderio, a bureau member in the main city currently under the attack of Doctor Hoffman’s desire machines. With these machines, Doctor Hoffman expands the dimensions of time and space, allowing ever-changing mirages to inhabit the same dimension as the living. Desiderio, though indifferent to the haunting apparitions, finds himself visited nightly by a glass woman, the manifestation of Albertina, Hoffman’s daughter and Desiderio’s lover-to-be. Unlike Desiderio, many people go crazy in response to the apparitions, and the city, severed from communication with the outside world, becomes a place of rampant insanity and crime, thereby prompting a state of emergency. Under the command of the Minister of Determination, Desiderio embarks on an undercover journey to find and assassinate Doctor Hoffman. On his way to the first stop on his journey, Desiderio encounters Doctor Hoffman’s former physics professor who now works as blind peep-show proprietor. During the story, Desiderio visits the sexualized exhibits of the peep show a number of times to find that they bear uncanny resemblance to the events that occur within his own life. Upon reaching his first destination, the Mayor’s Office of town S., Desiderio finds that the Mayor has disappeared. Thereupon he visits the Mayor’s home where he has sex with the Mayor’s somnambulist daughter, Mary Anne, while she remains unconscious. When Mary Anne turns up dead, dirty members of the Determination Police charge Desiderio, but he escapes. From there on, Desiderio finds himself involved in a number of wild adventures in which the novel features many graphic scenes of eroticism that include sexual taboos. On these adventures, Albertina secretly accompanies Desiderio.

Desiderio spends time living with the river people, Amerindian families that live on barges. He later joins a traveling carnival in which he becomes enthralled with the mind-boggling performance of the Acrobats of Desire. Following a tragic event, a Lithuanian count, in flight from the wrath of a black pimp, takes Desiderio into his company. With the count, Desiderio narrowly escapes becoming the victim of cannibalism on the African coast before Albertina reveals herself and leads Desiderio through the landscape of Nebulous Time where a community of centaurs adopts the two. However, the couple’s lives become endangered yet again and they must flee to Hoffman’s castle, where Doctor Hoffman explains his plans to reduce the world into its most basic constituents with the help of Desiderio and Albertina. While Desiderio loves Albertina, he ultimately chooses reality over the fulfillment of desire when he kills both Doctor Hoffman and his daughter. As a result, Desiderio becomes the proclaimed hero of the Great War. Nevertheless, he continues to long for his dead lover.

tructure

"The Infernal Desire Machines of Doctor Hoffman" is a first person frame narrative. Desiderio recounts the events of his past with several instances of second person. "...it was I who killed her. But you must not expect a love story or a murder story. expect a tale of picaresque adventure or even of heroic adventure..." (14). Carter ornamentally depicts many of Desiderio's events and defamiliarizes the reader throughout the novel. In the introduction of the novel, Desiderio essentially gives away the ending and the climax. This formal choice repeats throughout the novel as Carter constantly references the outcome of actions and events that have not occurred in the text.

Characters

Doctor Hoffman – an evil, sadistic scientist akin to Doctor Faustus. The doctor is the antagonist and diabolical adversary of the novel. He masters physics and surpasses his teacher, the proprietor; he later uses this ability to create a new form of reality where nothing is bound by time or the normal rules of physics. With help from his colleague Mendoza, he discovers that “eroto-energy” can power his desire machines with omnipotent and everlasting energy. He uses his desire machines to fuel energy into his new reality.

Desiderio – The Narrator and protagonist of the novel. He is now an old man and recounts the events of his life to explain how he became a hero. He was sardonic in his youth and the complex images produced by the desire machines bored him; he could not surrender to the mirages. This attitude kept him alive. Desiderio, in Italian, literally means wish, longing, and desire. [ http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=desiderio Dictionary.com - Desiderio ] The heroine of his story, Albertina, haunts his dreams and constantly seduces him. Despite his love for Albertina, he eventually murders her. He is a government minister in an unspecified Latin country that works under the Minister. The Minister sends him on a journey to find and inconspicuously assassinate Dr. Hoffman, and destroy his machine.

Albertina – Dr. Hoffman’s daughter, who supports her father's actions and ideals. Her name anagrammed forms TRAINABLE, possibly explaining her mindless, brainwashed devotion to her father. She is Desiderio’s soul mate and she is extremely, sexually appealing. She wants to use the energy from her and Desiderio’s love to propel the omnipotent desire machines, thus increasing her father's power.

Minister – Works with Desiderio and essentially rules the city until Dr. Hoffman starts his campaign against human reason. The minister loves logic and admires statis. Despite his jealously of Dr. Hoffman’s power, the minister wants to stop the freak show that the Doctor has created. In order to restore society, he creates reality testing labs to discover Doctor Hoffman's secret methods.

The Count - The egotistic and vulgar traveller that takes Desiderio into his company. Consistent with his arrogance, he claims that "he only lived to negate the world," and he travels according to his erotic desires (123). Though generally undaunted, the Count reveals a fear of the black pimp who wishes to kill him. Albertina later tells Desiderio that her father considered the Count a threat to her father's plans.

Themes

Feminism

Carter explores feminism throughout the novel. Despite the fact that all of her female characters are victimized, they do not lose their sexual desire. “Rather than desexualize and subsequently dehumanize her female characters, Carter creates women who are sexual even when their desires are seemingly undesirable from feminist perspectives.” [ [http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/section?content=a781179338&fulltext=713240928 Undesirable Desires: Sexuality as Subjectivity in Angela Carter's The Infernal Desire Machines of Doctor Hoffman] ] This “undesirable desire” portrays her female character as strong and unbreakable, supporting her feminist views.

Nature

Nature’s omnipotence plays a large role halfway through the novel. Despite Doctor Hoffman’s powerful desire machines, nature’s wrath cannot be altered or prevented. “At first I thought the landslide must have been the Doctor’s work, but no logic of any kind, no matter how circuitous, could have justified that disaster” (120). This theme repeats in a later chapter when a wild storm destroys the Count’s ship, nearly killing everyone on board.

Rational versus Desire

Desiderio constantly struggles over logic and love. He is clearly attracted to and in love with Albertina; she, however, undermines his entire mission and stands for everything that he does not. She clearly supports her father's use of desire machines to distort reality and he must eventually make a tough decision. In the end, logic prevails, as Desiderio states within the first few pages. "My desire can never be objectified and who should know better than I? For it was I who killed her" (14).

Finding True Identity

This theme appears throughout every one of Desiderio’s adventures. He goes from town to town exploring different cultures; each culture affects a different part of his identity. The river people wear masks and excessive make up while the House of Anonymity requires Desiderio to wear a mask along with a ridiculous outfit. As Desiderio embarks on his journey, he is forced to find his true self while being bombarded by illusions and distractions.

The Media's Effect on Society

Doctor Hoffman’s illusion inducing machines create the same effect as today’s newspapers, magazines, websites, and television broadcasts. The mass media constantly effects peoples thoughts, emotions, and beliefs. Throughout the novel, Carter asks the reader to define what is real versus what is an illusion. Hoffman’s machines keep “projecting representations on the world.” In the modern world, “technology makes the reign of the images possible” (Suleiman 111) and Carter is wary of images for they can be mere illusions. [ [http://is.muni.cz/th/146670/ff_b/CARTER.doc Introduction] ]

Literary Significance and Reception

Jeff VanderMeer has described The Infernal Desire Machines of Doctor Hoffman as “the finest surrealist novel of the past 30 years. It perfectly captures the ideas and ideals of surrealist beauty.” [ [http://www.themodernword.com/scriptorium/carter.html#Anchor-II-47857 Scriptorium - Angela Carter ] ] In the New York Times, William Hjortsberg recommended Carter’s novel, noting its attention to detail and maintaining that while reading “We soon forget that the terrain she observes with such care is the interior of her own imagination, for the world she describes becomes as real as any naturalist's report.” [ [http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/12/27/specials/carter-dreams.html Fancy Fantasy ] ] However, he criticized Carter’s wordiness and her overuse of abstraction, simile, and metaphors. While successful in her early career, this later novel failed to achieve commercial success.

Allusions

Other Works
Gulliver's Travels
Rape of the Lock
Hamlet (refers to Mary Anne as Ophelia)
Metropolis (novel)

Mythology, Folklore, Legends
Doctor Faustus
Prometheus
Procrustes
Wandering Jew
Flying Dutchman

Science
Freud

Chinese Philosophy
Chuang Tzu
Hui Shih
Kuan-Yin
Trigrams

Christian
Jesus
Mary Magdalene
Lucifer

Music
Mozart
Wagner
The Marriage of Figaro
Beethoven
Chopin

Publication History

1972, United States, Peguin Group ISBN 0-14-023519-1

Bibliography

Suleiman, Susan Rubin. “The Fate of the Surrealist Imagination in the Society of the Spectacle.” Flesh and The Mirror. Ed. Lorna Sage. London: Virago Press, 1994. 98-116.

References

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