Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal

The Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal is an artificial waterway on the southwest shore of Lake Michigan, in East Chicago, Indiana which connects the Grand Calumet River to Lake Michigan. It consists of two branch canals, the 1.25 mile (2 km) Lake George Branch and the 2 mile (3 km) long Grand Calumet River Branch which join to form the main Indiana Harbor Canal. The Indiana Harbor Canal also functions as a harbor and runs 1.4 miles (2 km) before reaching the Indiana Harbor which connects to Lake Michigan. In 2002, Indiana Harbor was the 45th busiest harbor in the United States, handling almost 13,300,000 short tons (12,000,000 metric tons) of cargo. Foreign trade accounted for only 500,000 short tons (450,000 metric tons) of that. Indiana Harbor is not a state-managed harbor, and it is maintained by the Chicago District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, as authorized by the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1913.

It lies in a heavily industrial area which includes ArcelorMittal Steel's two Indiana Harbor Works facilities. On the west side of the canal is the former Youngstown - J & L - LTV Steel - ISG steel mill. On the east side of the canal is the other Indiana Harbor Works, once known as Inland Steel Company, then Ispat Inland. BP's refinery in Whiting is nearby.

The canal and harbor were built over several years beginning in 1901. The harbor allows transport of iron ore (taconite pellets) and limestone to the steel mills from the mines and quarries of the upper Midwest through the Great Lakes. On March 26, 1901, Inland Steel Company accepted an offer from the Lake Michigan Land Company of 50 acres (200,000 m²) (20 hectares) of free land along with a promise of construction of a harbor and railroad. For its part, Inland Steel agreed to construct a steel mill there that would cost no less than one million dollars. The shortline railway connecting this area to other rail lines is still known as the Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad.

Environmental issues

Ninety percent of the water which passes through the Canal originates as industrial outflow or stormwater overflow. Historic contamination by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycylclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals has put the canal under the EPA's Grand Calumet River Area of Concern (AoC)—the only AoC to be listed impaired in all 14 beneficial use categories. Because of this sediment contamination, no dredging has taken place in the harbor since 1972, when the USEPA determined the previous sediment disposal method of open water disposal in Lake Michigan to be unacceptable. [U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Chicago District. [http://www.lrc.usace.army.mil/topics/ihcchron.htm Indiana Harbor and Canal Dredging and Disposal Project Chronology] . Retrieved April 20, 2008.] Lacking any alternative disposal location, the harbor and canal have accumulated a backlog of approximately convert|1000000|cuyd|m3 of sediment, which hinders deep draft commercial navigation.U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Chicago District. [http://www.lrc.usace.army.mil/projects/IHCCDF.htm Indiana Harbor and Canal Dredging and Disposal Activities.] Retrieved April 20, 2008.] Shipping capacity has been reduced by 15%, increasing shipping costs. The contaminated sediment also leads to further pollution of Lake Michigan, as the EPA estimates that sediments containing 77,000 pounds (35,000 kg) of chromium, 100,000 pounds (45,000 kg) of lead, and 420 pounds (190 kg) of PCBs reach the lake each year through the waterway.

The Chicago District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, in partnership with the East Chicago Waterway Management District, initiated plans for a dredging and disposal project for sediment at the harbor in the 1990s. The nearby site of a former Energy Cooperative, Inc. (ECI) refinery, which is also an open USEPA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) site, was selected as the location for a confined disposal facility (CDF) to safely contain the contaminated sediment.U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Chicago District. [http://www.lrc.usace.army.mil/topics/ihcfaq.htm Indiana Harbor and Canal Dredging and Disposal Project F.A.Q.] . Retrieved April 20, 2008.] Despite some local environmental justice concerns over the close proximity of the CDF to two low-income public schools, [Henderson, Harold (January 21, 2005). [http://www.chicagoreader.com/greenchicago/indianaharbor/ "Don't Call It a Cleanup"] . "Chicago Reader".] construction of the facility began in spring 2002. Dredging activities are set to begin upon completion of the CDF, and are planned to be carried out over a period of 10 years to finally return the harbor to its authorized dredge depths, with an additional 20 years of maintenance dredging to remove future accumulated sediments. The total cost of the project is estimated at $123 million.

ee also

*Calumet River – Grand Calumet River Area of Concern

References

External links

* [http://www.lrc.usace.army.mil/co-o/Ind_Hbr.htm Indiana Harbor, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]
* [http://www.lrc.usace.army.mil/topics/ihc.htm Indiana Harbor and Canal Dredging and Disposal Project]
* [http://www.egr.msu.edu/tosc/grandcal/index.shtml Dredging Project]
* [http://www.lighthousefriends.com/light.asp?ID=663 Harbor light]