- Anthracite iron
Anthracite iron is the substance created by the smelting together of
anthracite coal andiron ore .Development of the process
Research into the smelting of iron using anthracite coal began in the 1820s. Initial experiments, most notably by Gueymard and Robin at
Vizille in 1827, attempted to gradually substitute anthracite for other fuels, such as coke orcharcoal , but all failed due to the use ofcold blast techniques, which generated insufficient heat to keep the anthracite in combustion. [Bartholomew & Metz, pp. 14–15] . In the United States, where theLehigh Coal and Navigation Company (LC&N) had begun shipping anthracite toPhiladelphia in 1820, there was great interest in exploiting the great anthracite deposits of Schuylkill County for ironmaking. TheFranklin Institute , in 1830, offered a gold medal to the manufacturer of the greatest quantity of anthracite iron, andNicholas Biddle and his associates offered a prize of $5,000 to the first individual to smelt a certain quantity of iron ore within a given time, using anthracite. The Lehigh Coal and Navigation also offered free water power and discount rates on coal and shipping to encourage the development of the process. [Korson, p. 104]The key breakthrough occurred in 1829, when
James Beaumont Neilson patented thehot blast , which he had conceived in an attempt to improve the efficiency of conventionally-fueled furnaces. [Bartholomew & Metz, p. 16] The first person to employ the hot blast technique to anthracite smelting was Dr. Frederick W. Gesenhainer, who filed for a patent on the process in 1831 and received it in 1833. In 1836, he tried smelting anthracite iron on a practical scale at his property, Valley Furnace, nearPottsville, Pennsylvania . He produced a small quantity of iron, but due to mechanical breakdowns, could not keep the furnace in operation for more than two months. [Bartholomew & Metz, p. 17] While distinguished visitors, including GovernorJoseph Ritner , acknowledged his success, he sold out his share in Valley Furnace and went toNew York City . [Korson, p. 106]Research was proceeding along parallel lines across the Atlantic.
George Crane , owner, and David Thomas, supterintendent of theYniscedwyn Iron Works, had themselves conceived of the idea of using hot blast to smelt anthracite. Thomas was sent toScotland to examine Neilson's installation and reproduced it at Yniscedwyn. Crane filed for a British patent on smelting iron with anthracite and hot blast in 1836, and received it in 1837. By the time the patent was sealed, Yniscedwyn was producing about 35 tons of iron using anthracite only as a fuel. [Bartholomew & Metz, pp. 17–18]Inspired both by Geisenhainer and Crane (whose success was closely followed by the LC&N), experiments in the US continued. Baughman, Guiteau and Company used an old furnace near
Mauch Chunk to produce some anthracite iron during late 1837. They built another experimental furnace nearby, which was worked for about two months during fall and winter 1838 and for some time in 1839 [Bartholomew & Metz, p. 19] [Gordon, pp. 155–156] , but mechanical deficiencies led them to abandon the furnace at the end of 1839. [Korson, p. 107] In the meantime, Pioneer Furnace, in Pottsville, was blown in using anthracite fuel in 1839. [Gordon, p. 156] It was built by William Lyman obtained the aid of a Welsh emigrant, Benjamin Perry, who was familiar with Neilson's process and the Yniscedwyn works, for the blowing-in. The furnace ran for three months on anthracite alone and fulfilled the conditions to win the $5,000 prize. [Gordon p. 156] [Bartholomew & Metz, pp. 31–32] In the design of Pioneer Furnace, Lyman had also been assisted by David Thomas, who had arrived in the United States in May 1839. Thomas was engaged by the LC&N to set up theLehigh Crane Iron Company and its first furnace at Catasauqua, which went into blast in 1840, along with five other anthracite furnaces. This marked the commercial establishment of anthracite iron production in the United States. [Bartholomew & Metz, pp. 32–33] [Gordon, pp. 156–157]Decline
The opening of
bituminous coal deposits suitable for coking in the western part of theAllegheny Plateau resulted in the gradual displacement of anthracite as a fuel. The production of coke-fired furnaces overtook that of anthracite-fired furnaces in 1875 [Gordon, p. 158] , and the last anthracite furnaces in the US, the formerLock Ridge Iron Company , converted to coke in 1914. [Bartholomew & Metz, p. 79]Notes
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