Ellen Foster

Infobox Book
name = Ellen Foster


image_caption = cover of 1987 hardcover version of "Ellen Foster"
author = Kaye Gibbons
cover_artist =
country = United States
language = English
series =
genre = Novel
publisher = Vintage Press
release_date = 1987
media_type = Print (Hardcover)
isbn = ISBN 1-56512-205-4

Ellen Foster is a 1987 novel by American novelist Kaye Gibbons. It was a selection of Oprah's Book Club in October 1997. The book is also a standard text in high school and university courses on American literature in countries around the world.

Plot introduction

The novel follows the story of Ellen, the first person narrator, a young white American girl living under unfavorable conditions somewhere in the rural South.

The novel is not written in standard English. It is often grammatically incorrect ("a egg sandwich", "growed", etc.) and generally tries to render the language of a 9 through 11-year-old girl who, in spite of being clever and ambitious, is relatively uneducated.

There is no hint anywhere in the novel as to when exactly the action takes place. It is clearly set after World War II, but it could be the present (the 1980s) or earlier. It is revealed in the sequel to take place in the 1975 (closing at Christmas 1975), hence it is likely that the setting of "Ellen Foster" is 1971 - the time period of Gibbons' upbringing. This means that Ellen was born in 1960, the same year as the author.

Two time levels are intertwined throughout the book: one presenting Ellen's life from her present point of view, living with her "new mama"; and the other one telling Ellen's story from her mother's death and leading up to the present. The two time levels are united at the end of the novel, when Ellen is about twelve years old.

The reader can follow her life over the course of a bit more than two years. A sequel, "The Life All Around Me by Ellen Foster", was published in 2006. In the sequel, Ellen reveals that she lives in the sandhills piedmont region of North Carolina and that Ava Gardner's birthplace (near Smithfield, North Carolina) is down the road from her house.

Plot summary

Ellen is an only child who does not have a real home, even at the time when both her parents are still alive. Her father is "trash" and has a drinking problem, and the whole atmosphere is one of domestic violence. Her mother has a heart condition and, when the novel opens, has to stay in hospital. From an early age on, Ellen's thoughts center on how she could get rid of her father—she imagines killing him one way or another. When her mother is released from hospital Ellen's father treats her as badly as before, and it is up to Ellen to protect her mother from him. Soon, however, she takes an overdose of pills and dies while Ellen is lying next to her.

After her mother's premature death Ellen, who is now ten going on eleven, takes charge of the meager household finances. From now on, she starts accumulating money, which she thinks she will need to have a better start later in life. (Towards the end of the novel, when she moves in with her "new mama", she has already saved $166.) In spite of her unhappy childhood Ellen is a smart girl; she borrows books from the library and is rather creative when it comes to spending her spare time. Her best friend is Starletta, a young African American girl whose parents are even poorer than herself. She is attracted to them although she has been brought up detesting "niggers" and although she herself cannot overcome all the racial prejudice that has been inculcated in her mind all her life. For example, she says she would never sleep in a "colored house". Also, she refuses to eat or drink anything when she is at Starletta's, remembering the myth that if you use the same glass or cup as "coloreds", the germs they have left on it will spread onto your lips and you will turn as dark as them.

On the other hand, her father himself has his "colored buddies" with whom he drinks. Ellen's odyssey (almost in a picaresque vein) starts when Ellen is raped by her father, who, while severely drunk, mistakes her for Ellen's dead mother.

*At Starletta's parents': After the first instance of sexual abuse, Ellen goes to Starletta's house, where she stays for the night.

*At Aunt Betsy's: On the following morning, having decided to leave her father for good, she packs all her belongings (they all fit into a box) and goes to her Aunt Betsy, her mother's sister who lives sans children, after her husband died. Betsy treats her well, but she misunderstands Ellen about the permanence of Ellen's stay. Accordingly, when the weekend is over, Betsy turns her out again, and Ellen has to return to her father.

*At Julia's: When he starts beating her, her bruises are noticed at school and as a temporary solution, her free spirited art teacher invites Ellen to live with her and her husband, Roy. Ellen accepts, and leaves with her few belongings, and the money she saved up over the past few months. Ellen feels loved, and happy, despite not completely understanding Julia and Roy's way of life. During the period of separations, her father tries

*At her grandmother's: Sooner or later the question of custody has to be settled in court. Ellen learns that her grandmother ("my mama's mama") is going to take care of her. Rather a well-to-do woman who can even afford two African American household helps, her grandmother turns out to be worse than just a grumpy old woman who does not really love her granddaughter. By her workers, she is referred to as the "bosslady", and she even makes Ellen work in the cotton fields during the summer. Also, she permanently reproaches Ellen for being her father's daughter and for taking after him, and claims Ellen is responsible for her own daughter's death. Also, she says she knows that Ellen had sex with her father's colored friends (which is obviously not true). What is more, she suffers from persecution mania, believing that people around the house, even her doctor, are stealing things from her. When she becomes ill she expects Ellen to nurse her. This is what Ellen dutifully does up to the old lady's death.

*At Aunt Nadine's: Ellen's life does not improve when she is taken up by another of her mother's sisters, her aunt Nadine Nelson, who lives together with her daughter Dora. Nadine and Dora, who is the same age as Ellen, are a self-sufficient pair who consider Ellen an intruder. The big quarrel occurs, of all days, on Christmas Eve, when Dora gets all kinds of presents (toys mainly) and Ellen just a pack of white drawing paper, which she throws at Nadine's feet. What is more, Ellen has taken a lot of effort to make a drawing for her aunt and her cousin, but she overhears them talking badly about her picture. As an act of revenge, Ellen pretends she has a boyfriend who has given her a microscope for Christmas. Nadine calls her an "ungrateful little bitch" and tells her she does not want to see her again in her house.

*At her new mama's: In church Ellen encounters a nice and friendly woman, who she believes is called Mrs Foster, and her well-behaved children. She carefully plans to get in touch with them, so after her argument with Nadine she just packs her things together and goes to the house of the "Foster family". Actually, the "family" is a home for disadvantaged adolescents—a kind of foster family rather than a "real" family with the surname "Foster". Orphaned after her father's death (of an aneurysm), Ellen does not tell us about the formalities she has to go through to be accepted, but the most important thing for her is that for the first time in her life she is given a warm welcome. Throughout the novel the reader learns how beautiful her new home is. Ellen has now also completely overcome her racial prejudice and is very glad that her new mama allows Starletta to spend the weekend with her at her new home.

Characters in "Ellen Foster"

* Ellen Foster is the 10-year-old protagonist of the novel. She suffers sexual and psychological abuse from her alcoholic father and after her mother commits suicide, is tossed around from one household to another. Throughout her journey, Ellen is hopeful that she will someday find a nice and loving home, which she eventually does.
* Daddy is the novel's antagonist. He abuses his daughter, Ellen, sexually and psychologically. He suffers from alcoholism, and holds no job other than selling liquor and eventually drinks himself to death.
* Mama, Ellen's mother, has suffered from poor health, suffering from "romantic [rheumatic] fever" since childhood. When she is last at the hospital, she is so severely depressed as a result of her husband's cruelty and her illness that she commits suicide by overdosing on prescription medication.
* Starletta is Ellen's African American best friend, who helps Ellen to realize that skin color makes no difference in the quality of the person. She lives with her mother and father in a ramshackle cabin with no indoor toilet and they often provide Ellen with refuge from her father. Gradually, Starletta transforms from an unsophisticated child into a mature young woman, and she develops a crush on a white boy from school.
* New Mama, Ellen's foster mother, is everything for which Ellen could have hoped. New Mama is kind, caring, nurturing, always has enough money to pay for groceries, and has plenty of love to give Ellen and the other children she fosters.
* Mama's Mama, Ellen's grandmother on her mother's side, is old and miserly and treats Ellen with cruelty, as she strongly dislikes Ellen's father and seeks vengeance on him through Ellen. After winning custody of Ellen in court, she immediately sends her to work the fields with the black field hands on the farms she owns in the scorching summer heat. At the end of the summer, she dies of illness, even after Ellen has taken extraordinary good care of her.
* Mavis, a kind field worker on Ellen's grandmother's farm, takes Ellen under her wing and teaches her how to row the land and how to stay cool in the unbearable summer heat. She tells Ellen of how she had known her mother as a child and says that Ellen looks very much like her. Mavis has a large, happy family that Ellen admires and wants to emulate.
* Nadine, Ellen's aunt on her mother's side, is false and pretentious and lies to herself that she is wealthy and successful to gain confidence. She is forced to take Ellen for a short period of time, though she eventually kicks her out of the house on Christmas Day. She dotes on her daughter Dora and treats Dora like a small child, although she is the same age as Ellen.
* Dora, Ellen's cousin and daughter of Nadine, is a sheltered, spoiled brat who gets everything she wants when she wants it. She is a chronic pants-wetter, though she is the same age as Ellen.
* Julia, Ellen's grade school art teacher who takes her temporarily after another teacher learns that she is being abused at home. Julia is a hippy raised in the Northeast, who has migrated to the South after college with her husband, Roy. She is very liberal and encourages Ellen in her artistic endeavors.
* Roy, Julia's husband, is a progressively minded hippy who keeps an organic garden that he fertilizes with chicken manure, with which Ellen is fascinated. He bakes Ellen a lovely cake for her birthday and does not mind taking care of other household chores typically performed by a woman.
* Rudolph & Ellis - Ellen's uncles on her father's side, who agree to spy on Ellen and her father for Ellen's grandmother. They make inaccurate reports that Ellen is wild and a troublemaker and are compensated by Ellen's grandmother with large sums of money, some of which she instructs them to give to Ellen and her father for the bare necessities.
* Stella, Ellen's foster sister at her new mama's house, is a big flirt and sits at the back of the bus with the boys on the way to school. As a seventh grader, she is a mother to a fatherless baby, Roger, and is the youngest mother Ellen has ever known.
* Roger is Stella's baby son who likes to crawl into Ellen's room and chew on objects he finds on the floor.
* Betsy is Ellen's aunt on her mother's side who allows Ellen to stay with her for a weekend and finds it funny when Ellen had misunderstood that she would be staying permanently. She is petty and bickers with Nadine, her sister, when their mother dies.
* Dolphin is the horse Ellen rides and cares for at her new mama's house.
* Jo Jo is Ellen's new foster sister who loves to dance to music with no words.

Major themes

Some of the major themes of the novel include determination, self-consciousness, self-criticism, and ignorance by social awareness.

Racial Identities

Throughout the novel, Ellen struggles to find her place between the racial prejudices that have been instilled in her by society, and her desire for the love she identifies in "colored" families. cquote|Sometimes I even think I was cut out to be colored and I got bleached and sent to the wrong bunch of folks. (page 85)

Role of Family

Ellen's family is broken and non-traditional. Her goal when growing up in a harsh world is to find the family she has always longed for. She sees examples of other families and their love and supporting relationships. Even though Ellen is very critical, she still creates a family image in her head for what she wants in life. cquote|Of all the ladies in the church that could make into a new mama she of all people was the one for me. I would think when I went to the house and write down ways and tricks of how to have her. (page 57)

Determination

Ellen Foster manages to persevere through the hardships she faces with strict determination to do so. She begins to sign her name as "Ellen Foster" rather than using her real last name because she is determined to form a new identity that isn't "wore out". She chooses Foster because she is determined to integrate herself into her new foster family and mistakenly believes "Foster" to be the last name of the foster mother. In another instance, Ellen's father, while being abusive, drunkenly refers to Ellen by her mother's name. Ellen, determined to solidify her own identity and escape his abuse shouts "I am Ellen. I am Ellen." (page 38)

Movement

Ellen's foundation was damaged from the beginning. With an alcoholic father, a mother who was in and out of the hospital, and no siblings or friends close by, Ellen was forced to grow up rather quickly for her age. She never had the opportunity to experience childhood because the roles were reversed for her when she had to manage the family budget, pay the bills, and fend for herself at mealtimes. When Ellen was shipped to and from different households, she never got a sense of consistency. cquote|Before I left, I packed all my things that would fit in one box...I never wanted to have more than what would tie up or tape down in the box. (page 60)

This quote shows that Ellen's movement from family to family really took a toll on her. She does not want to accumulate possessions because she knows she won't be able to take them with her the next time she's forced to move.

Materialism

Ellen is an impoverished narrator who is very aware of how people spend their money and makes a moral judgment about them based on their spending habits. For example, when Ellen's grandmother has just passed away and Ellen speaks with her aunt Betsy on the phone about the death, aunt Betsy states "...and so near Christmas". Ellen thinks to herself:cquote|I was dying my ownself to tell her well Betsy why don't you see if the undertaking driver will stop and let you shop a minute on the way to the grave? (page 90)

Allusions/references

Ellen Foster is a book recommended by many teachers and librarians to students of various ages and adults. It can be found on many summer reading lists.

Literary significance & criticism

When Kaye Gibbons published "Ellen Foster" in 1987, the novel—her first—met with an enthusiastic audience. Critics admired Gibbons's skillful creation of Ellen's narrative voice, acknowledging its accuracy in representing a child's point of view. Gibbons won two literary awards for Ellen Foster, the Sue Kaufman Prize for First Fiction and a citation from the Ernest Hemingway Foundation. While some readers criticized the events of the novel as being melodramatic, others asserted that Ellen's wisdom, resilience, and tenacity save her narrative from becoming a sentimental tearjerker. Gibbons has said that some of the events of the novel—Ellen's mother's suicide and Ellen's subsequent movement from one relative's home to another—reflect her own childhood experiences. Ellen is indeed a lonely child, quietly observing the happiness of other families, yearning to belong, and making mental notes about what her perfect family should be like. Ellen Foster is ultimately a coming-of-age story, as Ellen engineers for herself a place in the secure, nurturing family she has craved and simultaneously comes to understand herself better through her friendship with Starletta, her black friend. Against the Southern backdrop of racism, Ellen moves from feeling she is superior to Starletta into a new understanding that color has nothing to do with a person's character. Ellen Foster belongs not only to the Southern tradition in American literature, with its distinctive voice and its treatment of racism, but also to that of first-person coming-of-age narratives, in which the narrator's innocence is also his or her wisdom.

Awards and nominations

The movie won the Young Artist Awards: Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Movie/Pilot/Mini-Series - Leading Young Actress and was nominated by Casting Society of America, USA: Artios for Best Casting for TV Movie of the Week,Emmy Awards: Emmy for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie, Young Artist Awards: Young Artist Award for Best Family TV Movie/Pilot/Mini-Series - Network, Best Performance in a TV Movie/Pilot/Mini-Series - Supporting Young Actress, Best Performance in a TV Movie/Pilot/Mini-Series - Supporting Young Actress.

Edition

*Virago Modern Classics No.450 (London, 1998), 126pp. (ISBN 1-86049-605-9).

Television film

On December 14, 1997, a made-for-television film based on the book was aired on Hallmark Channel as a Hallmark Original Movie, and is now on DVD. The movie was directed by John Erman, screenplay by Maria Nation and William Hanley. The movie is rated PG-13 for some abusive treatment of a child, and is 120 minutes including commercials. The movie was filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

Cast:

* Julie Harris - Lenora Nelson
* Jena Malone - Ellen Foster
* Ted Levine - Bill Hammond
* Glynnis O'Connor - Charlotte Nelson Hammond
* Debra Monk - Aunt Nadine
* Kimberly J. Brown - Dora
* Barbara Garrick - Aunt Betsy
* Kate Burton - Abigail
* Zeljko Ivanek - Chief Inspector
* Lynne Moody - Mrs. Douglas
* Bill Nunn - Mr. Douglas
* Allison Jones - Starletta Douglas
* Amanda Peet - Julia Hobbs
* Timothy Olyphant - Roy Hobbs

External links

* [http://www.randomhouse.com/vintage/read/ellen/ Ellen Foster on Vintage Books]
* [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0133735/ Ellen Foster at the Internet Movie Database]
* [http://www.oprah.com/obc/pastbooks/kaye_gibbons/obc_pb_19971027_b.jhtml Ellen Foster on Oprah.com]
* [http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/ellenfoster/ Ellen Foster study guide on SparkNotes]