USS Cairo (1861)

USS "Cairo" (1861) was a City class ironclad gunboat constructed for the Union Navy by James B. Eads during the American Civil War. She was the first vessel of the City class ironclads, also called the "Cairo" class. "Cairo" was the first ship sunk by a naval mine, on December 12, 1862 in the Yazoo River. [ [http://www.nps.gov/archive/vick/visctr/sitebltn/gunboats.htm Gunboats on the Mississippi ] ]

ervice in the American Civil War

"Cairo" was built in 1861 by James Eads and Co., Mound City, Illinois, under contract to the United States Department of War. She was commissioned as part of the Union Army's Western Gunboat Flotilla, naval Lieutenant James M. Prichett in command.

"Cairo" served with the Army's Western Gunboat Fleet, commanded by Flag Officer Andrew Hull Foote, on the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers and their tributaries until transferred to the Navy 1 October 1862 with the other river gunboats.

Active in the occupation of Clarksville, Tennessee, 17 February 1862, and of Nashville, Tennessee, 25 February, "Cairo" stood down the river 12 April escorting mortar boats to begin the lengthy operations against Fort Pillow. An engagement with Confederate gunboats at Plum Point Bend on 11 May marked a series of blockading and bombardment activities which culminated in the abandonment of the Fort by its defenders on 4 June.

Two days later, 6 June 1862, "Cairo" joined in the triumph of seven Union ships and a tug over eight Confederate gunboats off Memphis, Tennessee, an action in which five of the opposing gunboats were sunk or run ashore, two seriously damaged, and only one managed to escape. That night Union forces occupied the city. "Cairo" returned to patrol on the Mississippi until 21 November when she joined the Yazoo Expedition.

On 12 December 1862, while clearing mines from the river preparatory to the attack on Haines Bluff, Mississippi, "Cairo" struck a torpedo detonated by volunteers hidden behind the river bank and sank in 12 minutes; there were no casualties. "Cairo" became the first armored warship sunk by an electrically detonated mine.

Discovery of her wreck

Over the years the gunboat was soon forgotten and her watery grave was slowly covered by a shroud of silt and sand. Impacted in mud, "Cairo" became a time capsule in which her priceless artifacts were preserved. Her whereabouts became a matter of speculation as members of the crew had died and local residents were unsure of the location.

By studying contemporary documents and maps, Edwin C. Bearss, a historian at Vicksburg National Military Park, was able to plot the approximate site of the wreck. With the help of a pocket compass and iron bar probes, Bearss and two companions, Don Jacks and Warren Grabau, set out to discover the grave of the "Cairo" in 1956. The three searchers were reasonably convinced they had found the "Cairo", but three years lapsed before divers brought up armored port covers to confirm the find. A heavy accumulation of silt, swift current, and the ever-muddy river deterred the divers as they explored the gunboat. Local enthusiasm and interest began to grow in 1960 with the recovery of the pilothouse, an 8 inch smoothbore cannon, its white oak carriage, and other artifacts well preserved by the Yazoo River mud. With financial support from the State of Mississippi, the Warren County Board of Supervisors and funds raised locally, efforts to salvage the gunboat began in earnest.

alvage and museum

Hopes of lifting the ironclad and her cargo of artifacts intact were crushed in October of 1964 when the three inch cables being used to lift the "Cairo" cut deeply into its wooden hull. It then became a question of saving as much of the vessel as possible. A decision was made to cut the "Cairo" into three sections. By the end of December the battered remains were put on barges and towed to Vicksburg, Mississippi. In the summer of 1965 the barges carrying the "Cairo" were towed to Ingalls Shipyard on the Gulf Coast in Pascagoula, Mississippi. There the armor was removed, cleaned and stored. The two engines were taken apart, cleaned and reassembled. Sections of the hull were braced internally and a sprinkler system was operated continually to keep the white oak structural timbers from warping and checking. On September 3, 1971, the "Cairo" was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

In 1972, the United States Congress enacted legislation authorizing the National Park Service to accept title to "Cairo" and restore the gunboat for display in Vicksburg National Military Park. Delays in funding the project halted progress until June of 1977, when the vessel was transported to the park and partially reconstructed on a concrete foundation near the Vicksburg National Cemetery. A shelter to cover the vessel was completed in October 1980, with the museum opening in November. The original space-frame shelter has recently been replaced by a tension-fabric system to provide better cover.

The recovery of artifacts from "Cairo" revealed a treasure trove of weapons, munitions, naval stores and personal gear of the sailors who served on board. The gunboat and its artifacts can now be seen along the tour road at the USS "Cairo" Museum. These even include a sailor's rope knife in very good condition, as reported in "Knives and their Values, 4th edition" by Bernard Levine.

References

"This article includes information from the National Park Service and is in the public domain."

*cite book
last = Joyner
first = Elizabeth Hoxie
authorlink =
coauthors = with a foreword by Margie Riddle Bearss
year = 2006
chapter =
title = The USS Cairo: History and Artifacts of a Civil War Gunboat
publisher = McFarland & Co.
location = Jefferson, N.C.
id = ISBN 978-0-7864-2257-9

See also

* Union Navy
* American Civil War
* Confederate States Navy

External links

* [http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/c1/cairo.htm USS Cairo (DANFS)]
* [http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-usn/usnsh-c/cairo.htm USS Cairo (DANFS photos)]
* [http://www.hnsa.org/ships/cairo.htm HNSA Web Page: USS Cairo]
* [http://www.nps.gov/vick/cairo/cairo.htm National Park Service site]