Battle of Nu'uanu

Infobox Military Conflict
conflict=Battle of Nu'uanu
partof=Unification of Hawaii


caption=
date=May 1795
place=Oahu, Hawaii
result=Kamehameha I victory
combatant1=Kamehameha I's army
combatant2=O'ahu army and Ka'iana's army (which was a section from Kamehameha's)
commander1=Kamehameha I
commander2=Kalanikupule
Kaiana
strength1=14,000 (originally 16,000) until Ka'iana's betrayal
casualties1=300 — 10,000 for both combatantscite book
last = Schmitt
first = Robert C.
coauthors = et al.
title = The Hawaiian Journal of History, Volume 3 - 1969
origyear = 1969
accessdate = 2007-08-01
publisher = Hawaiian Historical Society
location = Honolulu
pages = pp. 67 — 68
chapter = Catastrophic Mortality in Hawaii
quote = Even where figures on battle deaths are unavailable, according to Stokes, the data are notoriously unreliable and subject to wild exaggeration. Estimates for losses in the battle of Nuuanu (1795), for example, have ranged from 300 to 10,000.]

The Battle of Nu'uanu (Hawaiian: "Kalelekaokinaanae"; lit. the leaping mullet), fought in May 1795 on the southern part of the island of O'ahu, was a key battle in the final days of King Kamehameha I's wars to unify the Hawaiian Islands. It is known in the Hawaiian language as "Kalelekaokinaanae", which means "the leaping mullet", and refers to a number of Oahu warriors driven off the cliff in the final phase of the battle.cite book
others = Cartography by Rob James
title = The Battle of Nuokinauanu
accessdate = 2007-07-28
year = 2004
publisher = Kamehameha Schools Press
isbn = 0-87336-083-4
quote = At times this battle has been referred to by Hawaiians as "Kalelekaokinaanae," meaning "the leaping okinaanae (mullet)." This name refers to the way many Ookinaahu armies of Kalanikupule and some of their families chose to or were forced by the Hawaiokinai Island warriors of Kamehameha to jump to their deaths from the steep pali (cliffs) at the back of Nuokinauanu Valley rather than accept defeat.] There are "varied and sometimes conflicting histories of the Battle of Nuokinauanu."cite book
others = Cartography by Rob James
title = The Battle of Nuokinauanu
accessdate = 2007-07-28
year = 2004
publisher = Kamehameha Schools Press
isbn = 0-87336-083-4
quote = This map and text represent one interpretation of the varied and sometimes conflicting histories of the Battle of Nuokinauanu.]

Prior to the battle

O'ahu

Around the year 1792 (the exact date is unknown; the landing could have been as late as March 1793), Captain William Brown, an English merchant,landed in the harbor of Honolulu. As a fur trader and gun seller, he made several voyages before from the northwest coast of the United States to the Hawaiian islands. Captain Brown landed several ships on the Island; the ones noted are the "Prince Lee Boo" and the "Jackall".cite book
last = Daws
first = Gavin
title = Shoal of Time
origyear = 1968
publisher = The Macmillan Company
location = Toronto, Ontario
pages = p. 37
chapter = The Way to Nu'uanu]

After landing, he made an agreement with Kahekili II (the chief of the island at that time) that he would offer his military assistance against Kamehameha for use of the harbor. Likewise, Kamehameha requested military assistance and the use of artillery from Captain George Vancouver and in exchange "ceded" the island of Hawaii to Great Britain in February 1794.

The two rival chiefs never met again, as Kahekili II died in mid-1794. At this point, Kahekili's son, Kalanikupule, had control of the island of O'ahu and his half-brother, Kaeokulani, had control of the islands of Kauai (through his wife), Maui, Lanai, and Molokai.

After Kahekili's death, Kaeokulani decided to visit Kauai, his home island. In order to accomplish this, he had to travel through the way of O'ahu. Kalanikupule then set up trenches and earthworks on the windward side of O'ahu, where Kaeokulani's canoes would pass. Both sides fought, but the battle was stopped by Kalanikupule and the two chiefs met to mourn over the death of Kahekili.

Kaeokulani then discovered a plot to be thrown overboard by his chiefs on the way to Kauai. To resolve the issue, he proposed war against Kalanikupule. He ordered his men to make a land march to where Kalanikupule was stationed. In the early part of December 1794, Kaeokulani's army was confronted by Kalanikupule's, along with the artillery of Captain Brown's ships. With Kaeokulani being outnumbered and outmaneuvered, his forces fled and scattered to the mountains. Nevertheless, Kaeokulani's army was destroyed.

Kalanikupule had received prior warnings of the impending invasion from the chiefs of Maui and Molokai and had begun building several lines of fortifications on O'ahu. He had already begun buying muskets and cannons from European traders, but had far fewer than Kamehameha. He was also assisted by one of Kamehameha's chiefs, Kaiana, who defected before the battle began. Kaiana had fallen out of favor with Kamehameha's inner circle and feared that he was being plotted against. On the voyage to O'ahu, his army split off from the Hawaiian armada and landed on the north side of the island. There, they began cutting notches into the Nu'uanu mountain ridge, which would serve as gunports for Kalanikupule's cannons.

Kamehameha

Kamehameha I had begun his campaign to unify Hawaii in 1783, but prior to 1795 had only managed to unify the Big Island. However, in 1794 a civil war broke out when the chief of Oahu, Kahekili II, died. The civil war was fought between his half-brother Ka'eokulani and his son Kalanikupule. Kalanikupule ultimately won, but emerged from the war greatly weakened.

During this time, Kamehameha had been equipping his army with modern muskets and cannon, as well as training his men in their use. In February 1795 he assembled the largest army the Hawaiian islands had ever seen, with over 10,000 men and 1,200 war canoes (at this time, the entire population of the Hawaiian Islands was less than 300,000). Kamehameha initially moved against the southern islands of Maui and Molokai, conquering them in the early spring. Then he invaded Oahu.

Battle

The Battle of Nu'uanu began when Kamehameha's forces landed on the southeastern portion of O'ahu near Wai'alae and Waikiki. After spending several days gathering supplies and scouting Kalanikupule's positions, Kamehameha's army advanced westward, encountering Kalanikupule's first line of defense near the Punchbowl Crater. Splitting his army into two, Kamehameha sent one half in a flanking maneuver around the crater and the other straight at Kalanikupule. Pressed from both sides, the O'ahu forces retreated to Kalanikupule's next line of defense near La'imi. While Kamehameha pursued, he secretly detached a portion of his army to clear the surrounding heights of the Nu'uanu Valley of Kalanikupule's cannons. Kamehameha also brought up his own cannons to shell La'imi. During this part of the battle, both Kalanikupule and Kaiana were wounded, Kaiana fatally. With its leadership in chaos, the Oahu army slowly fell back north through the Nu'uanu Valley to the cliffs at Nu'uanu Pali. Caught between the Hawaiian Army and a 1000-foot drop, over 400 Oahu warriors either jumped or were pushed over the edge of the Pali.

Aftermath

Though he escaped the battle, Kalanikupule was later captured and sacrificed. This battle was the climax of Kamehameha's campaign, after this battle his kingdom was for the first time referred to as the Kingdom of Hawaii. The islands were still not united. He had to capture the remaining neighboring islands of Kauai and Niihau. First he had to put down an uprising on the Big Island, and then he began his preparations for the conquest of Kauai. However, before this battle could be fought the king Kaumualii of Kauai submitted to Kamehameha, giving him effective control over the Hawaiian Islands.

Notes

References

*Citation
author-link =
author2-link =
title = Nu'uanu, O'ahu -- A Native Place: Battle of Nu'uanu
year = 2003
url = http://www.pacificworlds.com/nuuanu/native/native2.cfm
accessdate = 2007-07-08
*Citation
last = James
first = Rob
author-link =
author2-link =
title = Battle of Nuuanu
year = 2002
url = http://3dnature.com/images/nuuanu_battle_small.jpg
accessdate = 2007-07-08
*Citation
last = Burlingame
first = Burl
author-link =
author2-link =
title = New releases from Hawaii authors
date = 2004-10-12
url = http://starbulletin.com/2004/09/12/features/story9.html
accessdate = 2007-07-08
*"The Hawaiian Kingdom (1778-1854)", by Ralph S. Kuykendall, c. 1938
*"The Warrior King", by Richard Tregakis, c. 1973
*"Kamehameha and his Warrior Kekuhaupio", by Stephen L. Desha, c. 2000
*"Hawaii's Royal History", by Helen Wong, c. 1987
*"Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii", by Samuel Kamakau, c. 1992
*"An account of the Polynesian Race...", by Abraham Fornander, c. 1969
*"The Napoleon of the Pacific", by Herbert Gowden, c. 1919
*"Kamehameha the Great", by Paea Kamaka, c. 1966

External links

* [http://www.pacificworlds.com/nuuanu/native/native2.cfm A Native Place: Battle of Nu'uanu]
* [http://starbulletin.com/2004/09/12/features/story9.html "Honolulu Star-Bulletin" feature on the battle]
* [http://www.worldhistoryblog.com/2006/04/battle-of-nuuanu.html Battle of Nu`uanu]