Hugh Despenser the Younger

Hugh Despenser, 1st Lord Despenser (1286 – 24 November 1326, sometimes referred to as "the younger Despenser", was the son and heir of Hugh le Despenser, Earl of Winchester, by Isabel Beauchamp, daughter of William de Beauchamp, 9th Earl of Warwick.

He was knight of Hanley Castle, Worcestershire, King's Chamberlain, Constable of Odiham Castle, Keeper of the castle and town of Portchester, Keeper of the castle, town and barton of Bristol and, in Wales, Keeper of the castle and town of Dryslwyn, and the region of Cantref Mawr, Carmarthenshire. Also in Wales, he was Keeper of the castles, manor, and lands of Brecknock, Hay, Cantref Selyf, "etc.", in County Brecon, and, in England of Huntington, Herefordshire. He was given Wallingford Castle although this had previously been given to Queen Isabella for life.

In May 1306 Hugh was knighted, and that summer he married Eleanor de Clare, daughter of Gilbert de Clare, 9th Lord of Clare and 7th Earl of Hertford and Joan of Acre. Her grandfather, Edward I, owed Hugh's father vast sums of money, and the marriage was intended as a payment of these debts. When Eleanor's brother was killed at the Battle of Bannockburn, she unexpectedly became one of the three co-heiresses to the rich Gloucester earldom, and in her right Hugh inherited Glamorgan and other properties. In just a few short years Hugh went from a landless knight to one of the wealthiest magnates in the kingdom.

Eleanor was also the niece of the new king, Edward II of England, and this connection brought Hugh closer to the English royal court. He joined the baronial opposition to Piers Gaveston, the king's favourite, and Hugh's brother-in-law, as Gaveston was married to Eleanor's sister. Eager for power and wealth, Hugh seized Tonbridge Castle in 1315. The next year he murdered Llywelyn Bren, a Welsh hostage in his custody.

Hugh became royal chamberlain in 1318. As a royal courtier, Hugh manoeuvred into the affections of King Edward, displacing the previous favourite, Roger d'Amory. This was much to the dismay of the baronage as they saw him both taking their rightful places at court and being a worse version of Gaveston. By 1320 his greed was running free. Hugh seized the Welsh lands of his wife's inheritance, ignoring the claims of his two brothers-in-law. He forced Alice de Lacy, Countess of Lincoln, to give up her lands, cheated his sister-in-law Elizabeth de Clare out of Gower and Usk, and allegedly had Lady Baret's arms and legs broken until she went insane. He also supposedly vowed to be revenged on Roger Mortimer because Mortimer's grandfather had murdered Hugh's grandfather, and once stated (though probably in jest) that he regretted he could not control the wind. By 1321 he had earned many enemies in every stratum of society, from Queen Isabella to the barons to the common people. There was even a bizarre plot to kill Hugh by sticking pins in a wax likeness of him.

Finally the barons prevailed upon King Edward and forced Hugh and his father into exile in 1321. His father fled to Bordeaux, and Hugh became a pirate in the English Channel, "a sea monster, lying in wait for merchants as they crossed his path". The pair returned the next year and King Edward quickly reinstated Hugh as royal favourite. His time in exile had done nothing to quell his greed, his rashness, or his ruthlessness. The time from the Despensers' return from exile until the end of Edward II's reign was a time of uncertainty in England. With the main baronial opposition leaderless and weak, having been defeated at the Battle of Boroughbridge, and Edward willing to let them do as they pleased, the Despensers were left unchecked. They grew rich from their administration and corruption. This period is sometimes referred to as the "Tyranny". This maladministration caused hostile feeling for them and, by proxy, Edward II.

Queen Isabella had a special dislike for the man. Various historians have suggested, and it is commonly believed, that he and Edward had an ongoing sexual relationship. (Froissart states "he was a sodomite, even it is said, with the King.") Some speculate it was this relationship that caused the Queen's dislike of him.Fact|date=April 2007 Others, noting that her hatred for him was far greater than for any other favourite of her husband, suggest that his behaviour towards herself and the nation served to excite her particular disgust. Alison Weir, in her 2005 book, "Queen Isabella: Treachery, Adultery, and Murder in Medieval England", speculates that he had raped Isabella and that was the source of her hatred. While Isabella was in France to negotiate between her husband and the French king, she formed a liaison with Roger Mortimer and began planning an invasion. Hugh supposedly tried to bribe French courtiers to assassinate Isabella, sending barrels of silver as payment. Roger Mortimer and the Queen invaded England in October 1326. Their forces only numbered about 1,500 mercenaries to begin with, but the majority of the nobility rallied to them throughout October and November. By contrast, very few people were prepard to fight for Edward II, mainly because of the hatred which the Despensers had aroused. The Despensers fled West with the King, with a sizable sum from the treasury. The escape was unsuccessful. The King and Hugh were deserted by most of their followers, and were captured near Neath, in mid-November. King Edward was placed in captivity and later deposed. Hugh's father was executed, at Bristol, and Hugh himself was brought to trial.

Hugh tried to starve himself before his trial, but face trial he did on 24 November 1326, in Hereford, before Mortimer and the Queen. He was judged a traitor and a thief, and sentenced to public execution by hanging, drawing and quartering. Additionally, he was sentenced to be disembowelled for having procured discord between the King and Queen. Treason had also been the grounds for Gaveston's execution; the belief was that these men had misled the King rather than the King himself being guilty of folly. Immediately after the trial, he was dragged behind four horses to his place of execution, where a great fire was lit. He was stripped naked, and biblical verses denouncing arrogance and evil were written on his skin. He was then hanged from a gallows convert|50|ft|m|abbr=on high, but cut down before he could choke to death, and was tied to a ladder, in full view of the crowd. The executioner climbed up beside him, and sliced off his penis and testicles which were then burnt before him, while he was still alive and conscious. Subsequently, the executioner plunged his knife into his abdomen, and slowly pulled out, and cut out, his entrails and heart, which were likewise burnt before the ecstatic crowd. Just before he died, it is recorded that he let out a "low inhuman howl," much to the delight and merriment of the spectators. Finally, his corpse was beheaded, and his body cut into four pieces, and his head was mounted on the gates of London.

After his death, his widow asked to be given the body so she could bury it at the family's Gloucestershire estate, but only the head, a thigh bone and a few vertebrae were returned to her.cite news|last=Clout|first=Laura|title=Abbey body identified as gay lover of Edward II|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2008/02/18/nedward118.xml|publisher="The Daily Telegraph"|date=2008-02-18|page=3]

What may be the body of Despenser was identified in February 2008, at Hulton Abbey in Staffordshire. The skeleton, which was first uncovered during archaeological work in the 1970s, appeared to be the victim of a drawing and quartering as it had been beheaded and chopped into several pieces with a sharp blade, suggesting a ritual killing. Furthermore, it lacked several body parts, including the ones given to Despenser's wife. Radiocarbon analysis dated the body to between 1050 and 1385, and later tests suggested it to be that of a man over 34 years old. Despenser was 40 at the time of his death. In addition, the Abbey is located on lands that belonged to Hugh Audley, Despenser's brother-in-law, at the time.

No book-length biographical study of Hugh Despenser exists, although "The Tyranny and Fall of Edward II: 1321–1326" by historian Natalie Fryde is a study of Edward's reign during the years that the Despensers' power was at its peak. Fryde pays particular attention to the subject of the Despensers' ill-gotten landholdings. [cite book|last=Fryde|first=Natalie|title=The Tyranny and Fall of Edward II, 1321–1326|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1979|isbn=052122201X] The numerous accusations against the younger Despenser at the time of his execution have never been the subject of close critical scrutiny, although Roy Martin Haines called them "ingenuous" and noted their propagandistic nature. [cite book|last=Haines|first=Roy Martin|title=King Edward II: Edward of Caernarfon, His Life, His Reign, and its Aftermath, 1284–1330|location=Montréal; London|publisher=McGill-Queen’s University Press|year=2003|isbn=0773524320]

Despite the crucial and disastrous role he played in the reign of Edward II, Despenser is almost a minor character in Christopher Marlowe's play "Edward II" (1592), where as "Spencer" he is little more than a substitute for the dead Gaveston. In 2006, he was selected by "BBC History Magazine" as the 14th century's worst Briton. [cite news|title='Worst' historical Britons list|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4561624.stm|publisher=BBC News|date=2005-12-27]

Notes

References

*cite book|author=Anon.|coauthors=N [öel] Denholm-Young (ed.); Wendy R. Childs (re-edited text with new introduction, new historical notes, and revised translation)|title=|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2005|isbn=0199275947 (hbk.)
*cite book|last=Fryde|first=Natalie|title=The Tyranny and Fall of Edward II, 1321–1326|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1979|isbn=052122201X
*cite book|last=Haines|first=Roy Martin|title=King Edward II: Edward of Caernarfon, His Life, His Reign, and its Aftermath, 1284–1330|location=Montréal; London|publisher=McGill-Queen’s University Press|year=2003|isbn=0773524320
*cite book|last=Karau|first=Bjørn Kristian|title=Günstlinge am Hof Edwards II. von England – Aufstieg und Fall der Despensers Favourites at the Court of Edward II of England: Rise and Fall of the Despensers (M.A. thesis)|url=http://www.despensers.de/despenser-downloads/MA-thesis_Despensers.pdf|location=Kiel|publisher=Philosophischen Fakultät, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel Faculty of Philosophy, University of Kiel|year=1999
*cite book|last=Mortimer|first=Ian|title=The Greatest Traitor: The Life of Sir Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, Ruler of England, 1327–1330|location=London|publisher=Jonathan Cape|year=2003|isbn=0224062492
*cite book|last=Underhill|first=Frances A [nn] |title=For Her Good Estate: The Life of Elizabeth de Burgh|location=Basingstoke|publisher=Macmillan Press|year=1999|isbn=0333753259

Persondata
NAME = Despenser, Hugh, the younger
ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Despenser, Hugh, the younger, 1st Lord Despenser
SHORT DESCRIPTION = Knight of Hanley Castle, Worcestershire; King's Chamberlain; constable and keeper of various castles and lands in England and Wales; and favourite of Edward I
DATE OF BIRTH = 1286
PLACE OF BIRTH = Probably England
DATE OF DEATH = 24 November 1326
PLACE OF DEATH = Hereford, England