Freedom of Choice (US school desegregation)
- Freedom of Choice (US school desegregation)
Freedom of Choice ("free transfer" also) was the name for a number of plans developed in the US during 1965-70, aimed at the integration of schools in states that had had a segregated educational system.
The Plans
10 years after the US Supreme Court ruled in "Brown II (1955)" for school racial integration with "all deliberate speed", many school districts in states with school segregation gave their students the right to choose between white and black schools, independent of their race. In practice, most schools remained segregated, with only a small minority of black students choosing to attend a white school (15%) and no white student choosing a black school.Fact|date=May 2008
Challenge
In 1968 three cases ["Green v. County School Board", "Raney v. Board of Education", "Monroe v. Board of Commissioners"] were argued before the US Supreme Court on the inadequacy of "Freedom of Choice" plans. The Supreme Court ruled that if "Freedom of Choice" by itself was not sufficient to achieve integration, as it was in the cases argued, other means had to be used, such as zoning, to achieve this goal. This ruling and its consequences raised strong opposition in many school districts were this kind of plan had been applied. By the early 70's none of these plans remained in effect.
References
Wikimedia Foundation.
2010.
Look at other dictionaries:
Desegregation busing in the United States — (also known as forced busing or simply busing) is the practice of assigning and transporting students to schools in such a manner as to redress prior racial segregation of schools, or to overcome the effects of residential segregation on local… … Wikipedia
Freedom Writers — Infobox Film name = caption = Promotional movie poster for the film director = Richard LaGravenese producer = Danny DeVito Michael Shamberg Stacey Sher eproducer = Hilary Swank Tracy Durning Nan Morales Dan Levine aproducer = writer = Richard… … Wikipedia
New Kent High School and George W. Watkins High School — This article is about the historic segregated high schools in New Kent County. For the current high school, see New Kent High School. For the current elementary school, see George W. Watkins Elementary School. New Kent High School and George W.… … Wikipedia
Green v. County School Board of New Kent County — SCOTUSCase Litigants=Green v. County School Board of New Kent Co. ArgueDate=April 3 ArgueYear=1968 DecideDate=May 27 DecideYear=1968 FullName=Charles C. Green et al. v. County School Board of New Kent County, Virginia et al. USVol=391 USPage=430… … Wikipedia
Garland Independent School District — gisd1.jpg Type and location Type Public Grades Pre K through 12 Country USA Location Harris Hill Administration B … Wikipedia
Greenville County School District — (GCSD) is a public school district in Greenville County, South Carolina (USA). It is the largest school district in the state of South Carolina. Greenville CSD also takes students from some areas of Spartanburg and Laurens counties. Led by… … Wikipedia
J. F. Drake Middle School — Infobox Education in the United States name= J. F. Drake Middle School imagesize= 200px motto= location= 655 Spencer Avenue Auburn, Alabama, 36832 streetaddress= city= state= zipcode= country= USA url= http://www.auburnschools.org/drake… … Wikipedia
Auburn High School — Infobox Education in the United States name= Auburn High School imagesize= 130px motto= location= 405 S. Dean Road Auburn, Alabama, 36830 streetaddress= city= state= zipcode= country= USA url= http://www.auburnschools.org/ahs schoolboard=… … Wikipedia
Lowell High School (San Francisco) — Infobox School name = Lowell High School caption = Seal of Lowell High School streetaddress = 1101 Eucalyptus Drive city = San Francisco state = California district = San Francisco Unified School District zipcode = 94132 country = USA coordinates … Wikipedia
Brown v. Board of Education — of Topeka … Wikipedia
