Georg Simmel

Infobox Philosopher
region = Western Philosophy
era = 19th-century philosophy
color = #B0C4DE


caption = Georg Simmel
name = Georg Simmel
birth = March 1, 1858 Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia
death = death date and age|1918|09|28|1858|03|01 Strassburg, German Empire
school_tradition =
main_interests =
influences =
influenced =
notable_ideas =

Georg Simmel (March 1, 1858 – September 28, 1918) was one of the first generation of German sociologists. His studies pioneered the concept of social structure, and he was a key precursor of social network analysis. [Wellman, Barry. 1988. "Structural Analysis: From Method and Metaphor to Theory and Substance." Pp. 19-61 in "Social Structures: A Network Approach", edited by Barry Wellman and S.D. Berkowitz. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; Linton Freeman, "The Development of Social Network Analysis." Vancouver: Empirical Press. ] His most famous works today are "The Philosophy of Money", "The Stranger", "The Web of Group Affiliation, and "The Metropolis and Mental Life".

Life

Simmel was born in Berlin, Germany, as the youngest of seven children. His father was a partner in a chocolate factory. When he died in 1874, Julius Friedländer, the founder of an international music publishing house adopted him and endowed him with a large fortune enabling him to become a scholar. [http://socio.ch/sim/bio.htm Sociology in Switzerland, "Georg Simmel: Biographic Information"]

His religious background was complicated but germane to his marginal status in German academia. He was born to a prosperous Jewish business family, but his father became a Roman Catholic. His mother's family was originally Jewish, but she was a Lutheran. Georg Simmel, himself, was baptized as a Protestant when he was a child. [Simmel, Georg, and Kurt H. Wolff. The Sociology of Georg Simmel. Glencoe, Ill.,: Free Press, 1950.]

Simmel studied philosophy and history (but he also studied social psychology and Medieval Italian) at the University of Berlin. In 1881 he received his doctorate for his thesis "The Nature of Matter According to Kant's Physical Monadology". He became a "Privatdozent" at the University of Berlin in 1885, officially lecturing in philosophy but also in ethics, logic, pessimism, art, psychology and sociology. His lectures were not only popular inside the university, but attracted the intellectual elite of Berlin as well.

Although his applications for vacant chairs at German universities were supported by Max Weber, Simmel remained an academic outsider. Only in 1901 was he elevated to the rank of extraordinary professor (full professor but without a chair; see the German section at Professor). At that time he was well-known throughout Europe and America and was seen as a man of great eminence.

Simmel nevertheless continued his intellectual and academic work, taking part in artistic circles as well as being a cofounder of the German Society for Sociology, together with Ferdinand Tönnies and Max Weber. This life at the meeting point of university and society, arts and philosophy was possible because Simmel had been the heir to a fortune from his appointed guardian.

He befriended many well-known men, e.g. Max Weber, Rainer Maria Rilke, Stefan George and Edmund Husserl.

In 1890 he married Gertrud Kinel. A philosopher in her own right, she published under the pseudonym Marie-Luise Enckendorf. They lived a sheltered and bourgeois life, their home becoming a venue for cultivated gatherings in the tradition of the salon. They bore one son, Hans Eugen.

Only in 1914 did Simmel receive an ordinary professorship with chair, at the then German University of Strassburg. Because of the outbreak of World War I, all academic activities and lectures were halted as lecture halls were converted to military hospitals. In 1915 he applied - without success - for a chair at the University of Heidelberg.

Prior to the outbreak of World War I, Simmel had not been very interested in contemporary history, but rather in looking at the interactions, art and philosophy of his time. However, after its start, he was interested in its unfolding. Yet, he seems to give conflicting opinions of events, being a supporter in "Germany's inner transformation", more objective in "the idea of Europe" and a critic in "The crisis of culture".

Eventually, Simmel appears to have grown tired of the war, especially in the year of his death. He stopped reading the paper and withdrew to the Black Forest to finish his book. Shortly before the end of the war in 1918, he died from liver cancer in Strassburg.

immel on the Metropolis

One of Simmel's most widely read essays is "The Metropolis and Mental Life (Die Großstadt und das Geistesleben)" from 1903, which was originally given as one of a series of lectures on all aspects of city life by experts in various fields, ranging from science and religion to art. The series was conducted alongside the Dresden cities exhibition of 1903. Simmel was originally asked to lecture on the role of intellectual (or scholarly) life in the big city, but he effectively reversed the topic in order to analyze the effects of the big city on the mind of the individual. As a result, when the lectures were published as essays in a book, to fill the gap, the series editor had to supply an essay on the original topic himself.

Unfortunately for Simmel, "The Metropolis and Mental Life" was not particularly well received during his time. The organizers of the exhibition were appalled due to its negativity toward city life. However, during the twenties the essay was influential on the thinking of Robert E. Park and other American sociologists at the University of Chicago who collectively became known as the "Chicago School". It gained wider circulation in the 1950s when it was translated into English and published as part of Kurt Wolff's edited collection, "The Sociology of Georg Simmel", and now appears regularly on the reading lists of courses in urban studies and architecture history. However, it is important to note that the notion of the blasé is actually not the central or final point of the essay, but is part of a description of a sequence of states in an irreversible transformation of the mind. In other words, Simmel does not quite say that the big city has an overall negative effect on the mind or the self, even as he suggests that it undergoes permanent changes. It is perhaps this ambiguity that gave the essay a lasting place in the discourse on the metropolis.

This essay requires a much closer, more careful reading, not only in order to properly understand Simmel's argument, but also because, over a century since its publication, it still captures the imagination. It is fascinating to ponder how Simmel, writing about cities at a time when the populations of only a few European cities topped one million and the automobile was still a rarely-sighted, slow-moving object, so accurately described the intense effects that mechanized, brightly-lit cities like New York or Tokyo would eventually have on people's perception many decades after his death.

immel on sociability

Simmel refers to "all the forms of association by which a mere sum of separate individuals are made into a 'society,'"Simmel, 157] which he describes as a, "higher unity," composed of individuals. He was especially fascinated, it seems, by the, "impulse to sociability in man," which he described as "associations... [through which] the solitariness of the individuals is resolved into togetherness, a union with others,"Simmel, 158] a process he describes by which, "the impulse to sociability distils, as it were, out of the realities of social life the pure essence of association," and "through which a unity is made," which he also refers to as, "the free-playing, interacting interdependence of individuals."

He defines sociability as, "the play-form of association," driven by, "amicability, breeding, cordiality and attractiveness of all kinds." In order for this free association to occur, he says, "the personalities must not emphasize themselves too individually...with too much abandon and aggressiveness." He also describes, "this world of sociability...a democracy of equals...without friction," so long as people blend together in a spirit of fun and affection to, "bring about among themselves a pure interaction free of any disturbing material accent." [Simmel, 159] As so many social interactions are no entirely of this sweet character, one has to conclude that Simmel is describing a somewhat idealised view of the best types of human interaction, and by no means the most typical or average type.

The same can be said of Simmel when he says that, "the vitality of real individuals, in their sensitivities and attractions, in the fullness of their impulses and convictions...is but a symbol of life, as it shows itself in the flow of a lightly amusing play," [Simmel, 162] or when he adds: "a symbolic play, in whose aesthetic charm all the finest and most highly sublimated dynamics of social existence and its riches are gathered." [Simmel, 163] Again, one has to conclude that he is describing human interactions at their idealised best and not the more typical ones, which tend to fall a long way short of his descriptions.

All above quotes are from Simmel's "The Sociology of Sociability." [Georg Simmel: "The Sociology of Sociability" [trans. by Everett C Hughes] , Amer Jnl of Sociol, 55.3, Nov 1949, pp.254-261, originally from "Soziologie der Geselligkeit", his speech to 1st meeting of the German Sociol Society, 1911, reprinted in Talcott Parsons et al, "Theories of Society", 1961, [page numbers shown refer to the latter publication] ]

Influence on American sociology

Lewis A. Coser drew heavily on Georg Simmel, in his "Sociological Theory" (1964) treating social conflict.

The work of Simmel

Simmel was known as an essayist as well as author of sociological and philosophical books. Some of his major monographic works include:

* "Über sociale Differenzierung", Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1890 ["On Social Differentiation"]
* "Einleitung in die Moralwissenschaft", 2 vols, Berlin: Hertz, 1892-3 ["Introduction to the Science of Ethics"]
* "Die Probleme der Geschichtphilosophie", Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1892, 2nd edn 1905 ["The Problems of the Philosophy of History"]
* "Philosophie der Geldes", Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1900, 2nd edn 1907 ["The Philosophy of Money"]
* "Die Grosstädte und das Geistesleben", Dresden: Petermann, 1903 ["The Metropolis and Mental Life"]
* "Kant", Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1904, 6th edn 1924
* "Kant und Goethe", Berlin: Marquardt, 1906
* "Die Religion", Frankfurt am Main: Rütten & Loening, 1906, 2nd edn 1912
* "Schopenhauer und Nietzsche", Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1907
* "Schopenhauer and Nietzsche", University of Illinois Press, 1991, ISBN 0-252-06228-0
* "Soziologie", Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1908 ["Sociology: Investigations on the Forms of Sociation"]
* "Hauptprobleme der Philosophie", Leipzig: Göschen, 1910
* "Philosophische Kultur", Leipzig: Kröner, 1911, 2nd edn 1919
* "Goethe", Leipzig: Klinkhardt, 1913
* "Grundfragen der Soziologie", Berlin: Göschen, 1917 ["Fundamental Questions of Sociology"]
* "Rembrandt", Leipzig: Wolff, 1917
* "Lebensanschauung", München: Duncker & Humblot, 1918
* "Zur Philosophie der Kunst," Potsdam: Kiepenheur, 1922
* "Fragmente und Aufsäze aus dem Nachlass," ed G Kantorowicz, München: Drei Masken Verlag, 1923
* "Brücke und Tür," ed M Landmann & M Susman, Stuttgart: Koehler, 1957

Other works

* "Rom, Ein ästhetische Analyse" published the Viennese weekly paper "in Die Zeit, Wiener Wochenschrift für Politike, Volkwirtschaft Wissenschaft und Kunst," on May the 28th 1898
* "Florenz" published in the Berliner magazine "Der Tag" on March 2nd 1906
* "Venedig" published in the magazine from Munich "Der Kunstwart, Halbmonatsschau über Dichtung, Theater, Musik, bildende und angewandte Kunst." on June 1907

Works about Simmel and Compilations

* (de) Hartmann, Alois (2003): "Sinn und Wert des Geldes," In der Philosophie von Georg Simmel und Adam (von) Müller,, [ [http://www.wiku-verlagsprogramm.de/6332/6467.html ::::::::: WiKu-Verlagsprogramm ::::::::: ] at www.wiku-verlagsprogramm.de] Berlin, ISBN 3-936749-53-1.
*Muller, Jerry Z., 2002, "The Mind and the Market: Capitalism in Western Thought," Anchor Books.
*David Kim (ed.): "Georg Simmel in Translation: Interdisciplinary Border-Crossings in Culture and Modernity." Cambridge Scholars Press, Cambridge 2006, ISBN 1-84718-060-5
*Simmel, Georg, 1922 [1955] , "Conflict and the Web of Group Affiliations", translated and edited by Kurt Wolff, Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
*Simmel, Georg, 1950, "The Sociology of Georg Simmel," Compiled and translated by Kurt Wolff, Glencoe, IL: Free Press.

References

External links

* [http://ssr1.uchicago.edu/PRELIMS/Theory/simmel.html Detailed overview, extracts and essays on Simmel at University of Chicago]
* [http://www.socio.ch/sim/index_sim.htm Sociology in Switzerland presents Georg Simmel Online]
* [http://socsci.colorado.edu/SOC/SI/si-simmel-bio.htm A short biography of Simmel]
* [http://socio.ch/sim/bio.htm A detailed biography and appreciation of Simmel]
* [http://www2.pfeiffer.edu/~lridener/DSS/INDEX.HTML#simmel About Simmel and his works]
* [http://209.85.129.104/search?q=cache:LoQ-G1L32LEJ:www.socialeconomics.org/uploads/Mellor.doc+simmel+money+was+invented&hl=fr&ct=clnk&cd=10&gl=fr The Social Role of Money]
* [http://www.altruists.org/static/files/The%20Metropolis%20and%20Mental%20Life%20%28Georg%20Simmel%29.htm The Metropolis and Mental Life]
* [http://www.cas.sc.edu/socy/faculty/deflem/zsimhab.html Jurgen Habermas, "Georg Simmel on Philosophy and Culture: Postscript to a Collection of Essays," Translated by Mathieu Deflem, Critical Inquiry, 22(3), pp. 403-414, Spring 1996]

Persondata
NAME= Simmel, Georg
ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
SHORT DESCRIPTION=German sociologist
DATE OF BIRTH=March 1, 1858
PLACE OF BIRTH=
DATE OF DEATH=September 28, 1918
PLACE OF DEATH=Berlin, Germany