Eighty-five martyrs of England and Wales

Infobox Martyrs
name=Eighty-five Martyrs of England and Wales
birth_era=
death_date=Between 1584 and 1679
feast_day=
venerated_in=Roman Catholic Church


imagesize=
caption=
birth_place=
death_place=England and Wales
beatified_date=22 November 1987
beatified_place=
beatified_by=Pope John Paul II
canonized_date=
canonized_place=
canonized_by=
attributes=
patronage=
major_shrine=
notable_members=John Adams, Arthur Bell, Robert Bickerdike, William Carter, Robert Dibdale, Edmund Duke, Roger Filcock, Nicholas Garlick, William Gibson, John Hambley, Henry Heath, Richard Hill, Richard Holiday, Thomas Hunt, William Knight, John Lowe, Robert Ludlam, George Nichols, Edward Osbaldeston, William Pike, Richard Simpson, Thomas Sprott, John Woodcock

The eighty-five martyrs of England and Wales are a group of Catholic martyrs who were beatified by Pope John Paul II on 22 November 1987.

List

They were chosen from a number of priests and laymen executed between 1584 and 1679. Their names were:

*John Adams
*Thomas Atkinson
*Edward Bamber
*George Beesley
*Arthur Bell
*Thomas Belson
*Robert Bickerdike
*Alexander Blake
*Marmaduke Bowes
*John Bretton
*Thomas Bullaker
*Edward Burden
*Roger Cadwallador
*William Carter
*Alexander Crowe
*William Davies
*Robert Dibdale
*George Douglas
*Robert Drury
*Edmund Duke
*George Errington
*Roger Filcock
*John Fingley
*Matthew Flathers
*Richard Flower
*Nicholas Garlick
*William Gibson
*Ralph Grimston
*Robert Grissold
*John Hambley
*Robert Hardesty
*George Haydock
*Henry Heath
*Richard Hill
*John Hogg
*Richard Holiday
*Nicholas Horner
*Thomas Hunt
*Thurstan Hunt
*Francis Ingleby
*William Knight
*Joseph Lampton
*William Lampley
*John Lowe
*Robert Ludlam
*Charles Meehan
*Robert Middleton
*George Nichols
*John Norton (martyr)
*Robert Nutter
*Edward Osbaldeston
*Anthony Page
*Thomas Palaser
*William Pike
*Thomas Pilcher
*Thomas Pormort
*Nicholas Postgate
*Humphrey Pritchard
*Christopher Robinson
*Stephen Rowsham
*John Sandys
*Montford Scott
*Richard Sergeant
*Richard Simpson
*Peter Snow
*William Southerne
*William Spenser
*Thomas Sprott
*John Sugar
*Robert Sutton
*Edmund Sykes
*John Talbot
*Hugh Taylor
*William Thomson
*Robert Thorpe
*John Thules
*Edward Thwing
*Thomas Watkinson
*Henry Webley
*Christopher Wharton
*Thomas Whittaker
*John Woodcock
*Nicholas Woodfen
*Roger Wrenno
*Richard Yaxley

Historical context and treason accusations

Elizabeth I of England was excommunicated by Pope Pius V, on 25 February, 1570, creating a situation full of perplexity for English Catholics. Once this declaration was made a number of Catholics acted on it, and there was a certain section who under the influence of Mendoza and others were implicated in plots against Elizabeth which were undoubtedly treasonable from the Government's point of view. That a certain party of English Catholics was in rebellion against Elizabeth is not disputed. Thus William Allen, with many of the exiles of Douai and Leuven, and Robert Persons, with many of the Jesuits, saw in the rule of Elizabeth a greater danger to the highest interests of England than had previously been threatened in cases where history had justified the deposition of kings. And the supreme authority had sanctioned this view.

In the eyes of Elizabeth and her ministers such opposition was nothing less than high treason. But a large number of English Catholics refused to go so far as rebellion. As John Lingard writes: "among the English Catholics (the bull) served only to breed doubts, dissensions, and dismay. Many contended that it had been issued by an incompetent authority; others that it could not bind the natives till it should be carried into actual execution by some foreign power; all agreed that it was in their regard an imprudent and cruel expedient, which rendered them liable to the suspicion of disloyalty, and afforded their enemies a presence to brand them with the name of traitors".

The next pope, Gregory XIII, on 14 April 1580, issued a declaration that though Elizabeth and her abettors remained subject to the excommunication, it was not to bind Catholics to their detriment. The majority of English Catholics then did not give the Government grounds for suspecting their loyalty, but they persisted in the practice of their religion, which was made possible only by the coming of the seminary priests. After the Northern Rising, Parliament had passed a statute (13 Eliz. c. 2) declaring it to be high treason to put into effect any papal Bull of absolution to absolve or reconcile any person to the Catholic Church, to be absolved or reconciled, or to procure or publish any papal Bull or writing whatsoever. Purely religious acts were declared by Parliament to be treasonable.

Elizabeth's Government for its own purposes refused to make any distinction between Catholics who had been engaged in open opposition to the queen and those who were forced by conscience to ignore the provisions of this statute of 1571. They all were purposely identified by the Government and treated as one for controversial purposes.

This view was put forward officially in a pamphlet by Lord Burghley, "The Execution of Justice in England for maintenance of public and Christian peace, against certain stirrers of sedition and adherents to the traitors and enemies of the realm without any persecution of them for questions of religion, as is falsely reported, and published by the fautors and fosterers of their treasons." In it, Catholic priests risking their lives are not given credit for any religious purpose, but "the seminary fugitives come secretly into the realm to induce the people to obey the Pope's bull".

Under the Act of 1585 it became high treason for any seminary priest,or Jesuit, simply to come to England; and felony for anyone to harbour or relieve them. Burghley insists that before the excommunication no one had been charged with capital crimes on the ground of religion, and brings everything back to the question of the Bull. The pamphlet ends by proposing six questions or tests by which traitors might be distinguished from simple scholars (the so-called "bloody questions"). [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15026b.htm CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Accusations of Treason ] ]

Contemporary controversy

William Allen in his "Answer to the Libel of English Justice", published in 1584, joined issue on all points, stating "that many priests and other Catholics in England have been persecuted, condemned and executed for mere matter of religion and for transgression only of new statutes which make cases of conscience to be treason without all pretence or surmise of any old treasons or statutes for the same". He defended Edmund Campion and the other martyrs from the imputation of treason.

ee also

*Forty Martyrs of England and Wales
*List of Catholic martyrs of the English Reformation
*Catholic Church in England and Wales
*Marian Persecutions
*Oxford Martyrs

Further reading

*Bowden, Henry Sebastian. "Mementoes of the Martyrs and Confessors of England & Wales" [1910] . New edition revised by Donald Attwater. London. Burns & Oates, 1962.
*Challoner, Richard. "Memoirs of Missionary Priests", [1741] . New edition revised by J.H. Pollen. London. Burns Oates and Washbourne, 1924.
*Connelly, Roland. "The Eighty-five Martyrs". Essex. McCrimmons Publishing Company, 1987.
*Foley, B.C. "The Eighty-five Blessed Martyrs". London. Incorporated Catholic Truth Society. 1987.
*Usherwood, Stephen and Elizabeth. "We die for the Old Religion". London. Sheed & Ward. 1987.

Notes