Timeline of the Great Purge

The Great Purge of 1936-1938 can be roughly divided into four periods [http://www.memo.ru/history/y1937/hronika1936_1939/xronika.html N.G. Okhotin, A.B. Roginsky "Great Terror": Brief Chronology] Memorial, 2007] :;October 1936 - February 1937: Reforming the security organizations, adopting official plans for purging the elites.;March 1937 - June 1937: Purging the Elites; Adoption of plans for the mass repressions against the "social base" of the potential aggressors, start of purging the "opposition" from the "elites".;July 1937 - October 1938: Mass repressions against "kulaks", "dangerous" ethnic minorities, family members of opposition members, military officers, Saboteurs in agriculture and industry.;November 1938 - 1939: So called Beria thaw: stop of mass operations, abolition of many organs which imposed extrajudicial executions, punishment of some organizers of mass repressions.

1936

;March 9: Resolution of Politburo on "Measures for Protecting the USSR from infiltration of spies, terrorist and diversion elements." It stated that the USSR accepted to many political immigrants some of which a connected with the police of capitalist states. The resolution created a commission chaired by Secretary of Central Committee of Communist Party Nikolai Yezhov on purging from the spies international organization of the territory of the Soviet Union;March 25: NKVD chief Genrikh Yagoda submitted a proposal to the Politburo for sending "all the Trotskyists" into the "remote camps".;April 28: Decree of Sovnarkom which ordered "Expulsion of 15,000 ethnic Polish and German families from Ukraine and transfer of them to Kazakhstan". The decision was motivated by the need to clear the border regions of unreliable people. All together 69,283 people were transferred.;May 20: Politburo accepts Yagoda's proposal on Trotskyists.;June 19: Yagoda and the Prosecutor General of the USSR, Andrey Vyshinsky, sent to the Politburo a list of 82 members of a "contra-revolutionary Trotskyist organization". The list included Grigory Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev;July 29: Classified letter from the Politburo "On terrorist actions of Trotsky-Zinoviev group". The letter stepped up the propaganda campaign against "Trotskyists".;August 19 - August 24: Trial of the "Trotskyite-Zinovievite Terrorist Center". Among the sixteen sentenced to death were Zinoviev, Kamenev, Ter-Vaganyan, and Smirnov.; September 14: Arrest of Georgy Pyatakov and two days later Karl Radek; September 25: Telegram from Stalin and Andrei Zhdanov (who had been on vacation in Sochi) to tke Politburo: "We consider it is absolutely necessary to assign Yezhov to head the NKVD. Yagoda is obviously too weak for this position. The NKVD was four years late in the Trotsky-Zinoviev case."; September 26: Yagoda was transferred to the position of Narkom of Communications. Yezhov became Narkom of Internal Affairs (head of the NKVD), while keeping his positions as a Secretary of Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Chairman of the CPSU Party Control Committee.; September 29: The Politburo issued the declaration "On our attitude towards towards counter-revolutionary Trotskyists-Zinovievists". The declaration states "Previously we considered Trotskyists as a political avant-garde of the international bourgeoisie. We were wrong. These gentlemen went even lower. They are spies, wreckers and saboteurs of the Fascist bourgeoisie in Europe... Thus, we need to finish them off; not only those under investigations but also those imprisoned and exiled.";October 4: The Politburo approved the proposal by Yezhov and Vyshinsky for sentencing 585 new "members of Trotskyist-Zinovievist block". This set the precedent of sentencing by lists.;October 19 - October 22: The so-called Kemerovo trial" in Novosibirsk. The case concerned a disaster in the "Tsnrallnaya" coal mine in Kemerovo. 10 people were sentenced to death as Trotskyists preparing a terrorist act. Later some of the sentenced persons were witnesses in Moscow trials.;November 13: A letter from NKVD on "discovering and destroying the Eser underground" started mass arrests and imprisonments of former members of Socialist-Revolutionary Party including those already exiled.;November 13: An order of the NKVD and the Procurator-General of the USSR, "On streamlining investigations of railroad catastrophes", required investigation of each railroad accident and sentencing of those found responsible in three days after the incident.;November 29: An order of the Procurator-General of the USSR requires thorough investigations of all past fires, accidents, etc in order to discover the saboteurs responsible.;December 4 and December 7: Report of Yezhov to the Plenum of the Communist Party Central Committee. Yezhov mentioned thousand of discovered Trotskyist spies, reported the arrests of Pyatakov and Radek, and accused Nikolai Bukharin and Alexei Rykov of being in the "Anti-Soviet Right Center". In the following discussion the Central Committee considered the possible arrest of Bukharin, but agreed to delay the decision until the next plenum (the resolution was proposed by Stalin).;December 5: The Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted the 1936 Soviet Constitution. The constitution proclaimed equal rights of all citizens.;December 17: The Sovnarkom issued the decree "On exiling counter-revolutionary elements from Azerbaijan to Iran and remote regions of the Soviet Union".

1937

;January 6: Soviet Census (1937). The population of the Soviet Union was found to be much less than expected. The Census was classified and its authors imprisoned (September 1937).;January 8: A letter from the Narkom of Justice and the Procurator-General ordered military tribunals to hear all cases where military, diplomatic or state secrets might be involved in closed hearings without legal representation of the accused.;January 9: NKVD Directive on implementation of the December 17 decree of Sovnarkom. The directive exiled from Azerbaijan 2,500 Iranian nationals and 700 families of counterrevolutionary elements (former mullahs, kulaks, persons previously sentenced).;January 23 - January 30: Trial of the "Parallel Trotskyist-Zinovievist Center". Among those sentenced to death were Pyatakov, Radek, Sokolnikov, and Muralov.;January 27: Yezhov received the rank of "General Secretary of State Security" (General'nij Sekretar' Gosbezopasnosti). Simultaneously Yagoda is retired from that rank.;February 18: Death of Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze. The death was most probably a suicide related to the upcoming purge.;February 23 - March 5: Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU. Most of the Plenum was devoted to the upcoming mass repressions and the case against Bukharin and Rykov. On February 27, both were excluded from the Communist Party and arrested. Reports by Vyacheslav Molotov and Lazar Kaganovich were devoted to "Lessons of the sabotage and spying of Japanese-German-Troskyist agents in industry and in transport". The report of Yezhov was devoted to "Purging the NKVD". The long report by Stalin was named "Deficiencies in the party work and measures for liquidation of Trotskyists and other turncoats" (О недостатках партийной работы и мерах ликвидации троцкистских и иных двурушников). He stated that the liquidation of the enemies should be the priority for all the Party members, and proposed changing from "the old methods, the methods of discussions to the new methods of uprooting and liquidation". In total 73 people addressed the Plenum. 56 of them were executed in 1937-1940; two committed suicide; 15 including Stalin, Molotov, and Kaganovich themselves survived beyond 1940.;February 27: Yezhov presented to the Politburo the "List of persons to be judged by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court". 475 people were recommended for execution. In 1937 more than 40,000 people were recommended for execution by similar Politburo lists.;March 11: NKVD directive on the "Trotskyist-Japanese plot in the oil industry".;March 15: NKVD directive on strengthening the regime for the political prisoners.;March 17: Adoption opf USSR law banning peasants from leaving their collective farms. The official end for the freedom of movement.;March 23: NKVD directive indefinitely prolonging all sentences of political exile.;March 27: Letter of the NKVD on "Intensifying work on churches and sects".;March 29: The Politburo ordered the Red Army to dismiss all officers excluded from the Party.;April 2: NKVD letter on stepping up the work on German agents in the ethnic German population.;April 3: NKVD letter on stepping up the purge of enemy agents from the Military-Chemical industry.;April 8: Increased powers given to the Extrajudicial Special Commission of the NKVD (Osobye Soveschaniye), giving them power to imprison up to 8 years without trial (it was 5 years of exile before).;April 15: The head of the State Security department (GUGB) of the NKVD, Yakov Agranov, was replaced by Mikhail Frinovsky.;April 21: Order of the NKVD and Procurator-General banning shortening prison sentences for the political prisoners.;April 29: Order of the NKVD for immediate liquidation of the "menshevik underground".;May 7: Order of the NKVD for stepping up the agenturas work among athletes.;May 14 - May 29: Arrests of military leaders, under the "Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization".;May 23: Politburo decree exiling from Moscow, Leningrad and Kiev all persons ever excluded from the Communist Party for the relations with opposition and all family members of persons imprisoned for more than five years.;June 8: Order of the NKVD on "Anti-Soviet Turkic-Tatarian Nationalist Organizations". The order states that terrorist nationalists took the leading positions in Azerbaijan, Crimea, Tatarstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Kazakhstan, and requires a step-up of arrests there;June 11: Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization is heard by the Supreme Court. Eight military leaders: Mikhail Tukhachevsky, Iona Yakir, Ieronim Uborevich, Vitaly Primakov, Vitovt Putna, Avgust Kork, Robert Eideman, and Boris Feldman are sentenced to death and executed the following night;June 15: Operation removing from Moscow, Leningrad, Kiev, Rostov on Don, Taganrog, and Sochi all persons excluded from the Communist Party and the family members of prison inmates. (See May 23.);June 21: Order of the Narkomat of Defence and NKVD pardoning those people who voluntarily informed the NKVD of their Anti-Soviet activities.;June 23 - June 29: The Plenum of the Central Committee heard the report of Yezhov about the "Plot propagated in all structures of the Party and State".;June 28: The Politburo considered the letter from Robert Eikhe, The First Secretary of the Western Siberian committee of the Communist Party on the "Anti-Soviet organization among exiled kulaks". The Politburo decided to create the first NKVD troika for the suppression of kulaks in Western Siberia. The NKVD troika was the first extrajudicial organ having power to issue death sentences.;July 2: The Politburo adopted the "On Anti-Soviet elements" resolution. The resolution gave five days to each Soviet republic, krai, and oblast to create an NKVD troika and present the numbers of former kulaks needed to be sentenced to death.;July 5: Politburo resolution "On Family Members of the Traitors" ordered that all wives of "Trotskyist and right spies" be sent to labor camps for at least five to eight years, while their children should be placed in the "special orphanages".;July 7: Letter from the Procurator-General decreed that "all hooliganism" having contra-revolutionary or chauvinistic motives was classified as a political crime (58-10 "Anti-Soviet propaganda" or 59-7 "Propaganda of National Hatred").;July 14: Opening of the Moscow Canal, built by GULAG inmates. Before the opening of the canal, 218 prisoners were executed for allegedly plotting to assassinate Stalin during the ceremomy.;July 20: Resolution of the Politburo ordering NKVD to arrest all ethnic Germans working in defense industries.;July 20: NKVD order requiring an account of all ethnic Poles working on railroads or in defense industries, whether there was any compromat or not. Beginning of preparations for the "Polish operation".;July 24: Instruction of the NKVD "For the prevention of bacteriological diversions": an order to arrest all people with foreign connections and "anti-Soviet elements" working in water supply or in bacteriological laboratories.;July 25: NKVD order 00439 "On repressions of Germans suspected of spying against the USSR" started the "German operation". In 1937-1938 55,005 people were sentenced due to the "German operations". Among them 41,898 people were executed.;July 27: NKVD Directive "On purging the Military Intelligence Department of the Red Army" ;July 29: NKVD Directive "On purging railroad workers of socially harmful elements";July 31: NKVD operative order 00447 «Об операции по репрессированию бывших кулаков, уголовников и других антисоветских элементов» ("The operation for repression of former kulaks, criminals and other anti-Soviet elements") is approved by the Politburo. Originally the operation was planned for four months; the plan was for 75,950 people to be executed and an additional 193,000 to be sent to the GULAG. The operation was extended multiple times. Altogether, through the summer of 1938, at least 818,000 people were arrested and not less than 436,000 were executed.;Second half of July: Instruction of the Politburo allowing unlimited use of torture. The actual instruction has not been found yet, but its content has been reconstructed from later instructions limiting the use of torture.;August 1: Resolution of the Sovnarkom and Central Committee "On fighting the sabotage in grain appropriation".;August 5: Start of the "Kulak operation": mass arrests of those planned to be executed (so called 1st category).;August 5: Instruction of the NKVD "On implementation of Order 00447 in labor camps". Each camp received orders for the number of prisoners to be executed. The death sentences were to be proposed by the camp administrations and confirmed by NKVD troikas.;August 7: A letter from Vyshinsky stated that executions and imprisonments under Order 00447 do not require confirmation from any judicial body.;August 11: NKVD operative order 00485 «О ликвидации польских диверсионно-шпионских групп и организаций ПОВ [Польской военной организации] » ("On liquidation of Polish diversion-spying groups and elements of Polish Military Organization"). The following groups were supposed to be repressed: former POWs from Poland, emigrants from Poland, and members of the Polish Socialist Party and other Polish political parties. Also the order indefinitely prolonged the prison sentences of everybody suspected of being a Polish spy. The order created a new extrajudicial organ: NKVD dvoyka consisting of two people: a representative of the NKVD and a representative of the Procurator-General. It also created a new process for sentencing: "album sentencing". The sentencing was done by correspondence using lists of accused bound for easy of handling into special "albums" (hence the name). In 1937-1938, 139,815 people were sentenced in the course of the "Polish operation"; among them 111,071 people were executed.;August 15: NKVD operative order 00486 "On repression of the family members of traitors, Trotskyists, and other citizens sentenced by the Military Collegium and the Special Commission". The order required wives and children older than 15 years old to be sent to the GULAG for 5 to 8 years; children younger than 15 were put in "special orphanages". There were 19,000 wives were arrested and 25,000 children were removed.;August 16: Creation of seven new "Forest GULAGs" for the people arrested under Order 00447 (second category).;August 17: Directive of the NKVD "On extending NKVD operative order 00485 to Romanian spies". 8,292 were arrested; among them 5,439 were executed.;August 21: Resolution of the Central Committee and Sovnarkom "On transfer of Koreans from the Far East". The resolution ordered exile of all ethnic Koreans from the Russian Far East to Central Asia.;August 22: Instruction of the NKVD "On Foreigners". This instruction stated that almost all of the foreign nationals are spies, so no residence permits are to be extended for the nationals of Germany, Poland and Japan.;September 14: Changes in the Process Code (Protsesual'nikj kodeks), banning appeals of the sentences under articles 58-7 (sabotage) and 58-9 (diversion). All persons sentenced under these articles should be executed within one day after the court sentence.;September 20: NKVD operative order 00593 «О мероприятиях в связи с террористической, диверсионной и шпионской деятельностью японской агентуры из так называемых харбинцев» ("On measures connected with terrorism, diversions and spying by Japanese agents among so-called Harbinians"). The order stated the need to arrest people who had ever worked in Chinese territory. 46,317 were arrested, among them 30,992 were executed.;October 2: Extension of the maximum prison sentence from 10 years to 25 years.;October 2: Resolution of the Sovnarkom and Central Committee "On fighting sabotage in animal breeding";October 8: Order of Procurator General Vyshinsky that courts should classify negative opinions on Soviet and Party leaders as 58-8 (aid to terrorists) rather than 58-10 (contra-revolutionary agitation).;October 11: NKVD resolution on transferring Azerbaijan Kurds to Central Asia (486 families exiled).;October 12: Yezhov became a candidate for Politburo membership.;October 23: NKVD order 00693 «Об операции по репрессированию перебежчиков – нарушителей госграницы СССР» stating that anybody illegally crossing borders of Soviet Union should be arrested without regard to their motives (e.g. refugee from Nazi Germany).;October 28: NKVD order 00698 «О пресечении к.-р. шпионской, террористической, диверсионной деятельности личным составом посольств и консульств Германии, Японии, Италии и Польши». The order decreed that every Soviet citizen who had ever worked for the embassies and consulates of Germany, Japan, Italy or Poland was to be arrested.;October 12-November 5: NKVD instruction ordering "Operative defeat of Anti-Soviet Church and sectarian actives".;November 3: NKVD instruction for stepping up the mass operations (against kulaks, ethnic people and family members of traitors).;November 4: NKVD instruction for stepping up the work among Gypsies.;November 30: NKVD instruction for the "Mass operation against Latvian spies": 21,300 people were arrested; among them 16,575 were executed.;December 11: NKVD instruction for the "Mass operation against Greeks": 12,557 people arrested; among them 10,545 were executed.;December 14: The November 30th operation against Latvians was extended to Estonians, Finns, and Bulgarians. 9,735 Estonians were arrested; among them 7,998 were executed. 11,066 Finns were arrested; among them 9,078 were executed.;December 17: Instruction of the NKVD for execution of all GULAG escapees.;December 22: Instruction of the NKVD for repression of the ethnic Chinese, ordering arrests "for every provocative action or terrorist intentions."

1938

;January 7: Instruction of the NKVD for censorship of letters from military personnel talking about the repressions.;January 9: Letter of the NKVD for stepping up mass repressions in transport industry.;January 11, 14, 18, 20: Plenum of the Central Committee "Об ошибках парторганизаций при исключении коммунистов из партии" ("On errors of party organizations in excluding Communists from the Party"). The keynote speaker was Georgy Malenkov). The Plenum discussed Pavel Postyshev's closing down of 30 Raion Party Committees in Kuybyshev Oblast as "headed by the Enemies of the people". On January 9, the Politburo decided that Postyshev's decision was "politically harmful" and "provocative". The Plenum confirmed the Politburo decision and urged a stop to the "harmful practice of mass exclusions from the Party". Postyshev was excluded from the list of candidates to the Politburo, and soon arrested and executed (on 26 February 1939).;January 15: The NKVD forbade any shortening of prison sentences.;January 18: NKVD order for "complete liquidation of the eser underground." In one week 12,000 people were arrested under this order.;January 19: NKVD instruction for repressing Iranians in Azerbaijan.;January 21: The Department of State Security of the NKVD (GUGB) was forbidden to inform relatives of the whereabouts of their inmates, and ordered ban to letters, food parcels, and meetings of inmates.;January 24-25: Yezhov and Frinovsky organized large meetings of the regional NKVD chiefs, reviewing results of the repressive operations of 1937.;January 29: The Iranian operation was extended over the whole territory of the USSR. 13,297 people were arrested; among them 2,046 were executed;January 31: The Politburo decided to extend the "Kulak Operation" and "Ethnic Operation" (additionally including Bulgarians and ethnic Macedonians).;January 31: The Politburo decided to step up measures against defectors to the USSR: those who had criminal intent should be executed by sentence of the Military Tribunal; all others should be imprisoned for ten years.;February 14: Letter of the NKVD for stepping up the work againsy mensheviks and anarchists.;February 16: Resolution of the NKVD for a mass operation against Afghans. 1,557 people were arrested among them 366 were executed.;March 2 - 13: Show trial of Anti-Soviet Right-Trotskyist Block. Among those sentenced to death were Alexei Rykov, Bukharin, Nikolai Krestinsky, Christian Rakovsky, and Yagoda.;April 8: NKVD chief Yezhov became also Narkom of Water transport.;May 21: NKVD order "On Police troikas" (Militsejskaya troika), the extrajudicial body with the power to exile or to sentence for up to five years in the labor camps. Police troikas were to process the "socially harmful" and "socially dangerous" population (violater of the Passport rules, the unemployed, petty criminals without proven guilt, etc.) More than 400,000 people were sentenced by Police troikas in 1937-1938.;June 10: The Politburo cancels represion against Chinese.;June 13: The NKVD Chief of the Far East, Genrikh Lyushkov, defected to Japan. The defection triggered a new round of repression in the Far East.;June 28: NKVD resolution for the arrest of the Tolmachev-Belarusian Opposition in the Red Army.;July 6-12: NKVD resolutions for stepping up repression in the Far East. Frinovsky was sent to the Far East with the power to sentence people by the album process (the same power as the Special Commission had).;July 21: NKVD resolution for streamlining the investigations in political cases.;August 22: Lavrentiy Beria became Yeshov's first deputy, replacing Frinovsky. (Frinovsky became the chief of the Soviet Navy.);August 27: NKVD resolution that divorces are to be granted by unilateralrequest of one spouse when the other spouses is under arrest, without participation of the arrested spouse.;September 15: Politburo resolution on judging the remaining cases on people arrested for ethnic qualities by the "Local Special Troikas".;September 17: NKVD Order 00606 "On creation of Local Special Troikas". The "Local Special Troikas" became the primary method for deciding on arrested parties, instead of the "album processes".;September 29: NKVD resolution on "Strengthening the regime in the labor camps" (trudposelki).;October 8: The Politburo decided to create a "Commission on the project for the new processes for arrests, procurator control, and investigation". The Commission was formed by Yezhov, Beria, and Vyshinsky, and was seen as a sign of future easing of repression.;November 14: Resolution of the Central Committee for "Purging the NKVD of the enemies infiltrated there".;November 17: Joint resolution of the Politburo and Sovnarkom "On the new processes for arrests, procurator control, and investigation" (Постановление СНК СССР и ЦК ВКП(б) «Об арестах, прокурорском надзоре и ведении следствия) stopped the activities of all extrajudicial organs, and forbade mass repressions without courts and proper investigations. The practice of consultations with the party committees and interested government departments prior to arrests is restored.;November 25: Beria became the chief of the NKVD.;November 26: All operative orders and resolutions for mass repressions were cancelled. The cases of all those arrested were sent to the courts and the "special committee", and the "Socialist Rule of Law" was declared to be restored (возвращение к нормам социалистической законности).;December 22: Resolution of the NKVD invalidating all sentences issued by the extrajudicial organs that were not declared to the arrested party before November 17.

1939

;January 10: Telegram by Stalin to all the regional NKVDs and Party committees: "Some Party Secretaries auditing the NKVD consider tortures as something criminal. In fact torture was allowed by the Central Committee since 1937... The Central Committee considers torture to be in the future a proper way to handle exceptional cases against the enemies of the people."

tatistical Results of the Great Purge: October 1936-November 1938

In the cases investigated by the State Security Department of the NKVD (GUGB NKVD):
*At least 1,710,000 people were arrested.
*At least 1,440,000 people were sentenced.
*At least 724,000 people were executed. Among those executed:
**At least 436,000 people were sentenced to death by NKVD troikas as part of the "Kulak Operation".
**At least 247,000 people were sentenced to death by NKVD "Dvoikas" and the "Local Special Troikas" as part of the "Ethnic Operation".
**At least 41,000 people were sentenced to death by Military Courts.

Among other cases in October 1936-November 1938:
*At least 400,000 people were sentenced to labor camps by Police Troikas as "Socially Harmful Elements" (социально-вредный элемент, СВЭ)
*At least 200,000 people were exiled or deported by "Administrative procedures".
*At least two million people were sentenced by courts for common crimes; among them 800,000 were sentenced to GULAG camps.

References