Feminization (biology)

In biology and medicine, feminization refers to the development in an organism of physical or behavioral characteristics unique to the female of the species. This may represent a normal developmental process, contributing to sexual differentiation.

Feminization can also be induced by environmental factors, and this phenomenon has been observed in several animal species. DM Fry and CK Toone (1981). DDT-induced feminization of gull embryos Science, Vol 213, Issue 4510, 922-924] Sylvia Gimeno, Anton Gerritsen, Tim Bowmer & Hans Komen Feminization of male carp Nature 384, 221 - 222 (21 November 1996); doi:10.1038/384221a0]

Pathological feminization

In animals, when feminization occurs in a male, or at an inappropriate developmental age, it is often due to a genetic or acquired disorder of the endocrine system. In humans, one of the more common manifestations of abnormal feminization is gynecomastia, the inappropriate development of breasts which may result from elevated levels of feminizing hormones such as estrogens.cite book |author=Larsen, P. Reed; Williams, Robert L. |title=Williams textbook of endocrinology |publisher=W.B. Saunders |location=Philadelphia |year=2003 |pages= |isbn=0-7216-9184-6 |oclc= |doi=] Deficiency or blockage of virilizing hormones (androgens) can also contribute to feminization. Interestingly, in some cases, "high" levels of androgens may produce both virilizing effects (increased body hair, deepened voice, increased muscle mass, etc.) and feminizing effects (gynecomastia) since androgens can be converted to estrogens by aromatase in the peripheral tissues.

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