Baltic Noble Corporations

Baltic Noble Corporations of Livonia, Estonia, Courland and Oesel (Ösel) were medieval fiefdoms formed by German nobles in the 13th century under vassalage to the Teutonic Knights and Denmark in modern Latvia and Estonia. The territories continued to have semi-autonomous status from 16th to early 20th century under Swedish and Russian rule.

The Teutonic Knights entered the area of what is now Latvia and Estonia in the beginning of the 13th century in order to christianize the region. After the conquest much of the Order's land was divided among the German noble families originally from Westphalia and regions along the Rhine river. The towns saw the development of a small German mercantile class. Overall, this German-speaking group of nobles and merchants constituted a small minority of the total population. During the second half of the 16th century, this area fell under the sovereignty of Sweden and Poland, which at that time dominated the Baltic Sea. While this resulted of the suppression of the Teutonic Order, local self-government remained in the hands of the four aristocratic corporations of Livonia, Estonia, Courland and Oesel. With the growth of Russian power following the defeat of Sweden in the Great Northern War (1700-1721), Livonia, Estonia (with the island of Oesel) and Courland (obtained in the second half of the 18th century from Poland) all became Russian provinces. Imperial Russia recognized the four aristocratic corporations' traditional privileges - German language, Lutheran religion and self-government. The growth of Latvian and Estonian nationalism and the collapse of the Russian Empire led to the founding in 1918 of Latvia and Estonia as independent nations. As a result, the traditional aristocratic corporations lost their legal privileges and political status, and were reduced to charitable organizations. Most of the property belonging to the Baltic Germans, including their estates, was confiscated. Many of these families emigrated, the majority to Germany but also overseas. In 1939, following the signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact, the agreement between Hitler and Stalin to divide up Poland and the Baltic states, the remaining Baltic Germans were evacuated to German-occupied Poland.

The Estonian Noble Corporation

The earliest written reference of the Estonian Noble Corporation ("Estländische Ritterschaft") dates from 1252. Its origins date back to the time of Danish rule, when two northern Estonian provinces of Harjumaa (Lang-de|Harrien) and Virumaa (Lang-de|Wierland) where allied together. The process of the development of the corporation into a political entity was completed by the end of the Rule of the Teutonic Order in 1561, resulting in the control of the region and its peasant population, although excluding the cities.

"Estländische Ritterschaft" managed to maintain its dominant role throughout the period of Swedish and Russian rule. This meant that the practice of the Protestant-Lutheran faith (of the Augsburg Confession) was guaranteed along with the use of German as the administrative language and local autonomy in the administration of the land and the application of the law to its German and Estonian population.

The Oesel Noble Corporation

The island of Oesel (Saaremaa) was conquered by crusaders between in 1227. During this period most of the island and the county of Wiek (Läänemaa) on neighboring mainland, became episcopal property, while the island of Moon (Muhu) and the eastern section of Oesel fell to the Teutonic Order. In 1238, the Seeland Convention recognized the Oesel Noble Corporation's right of co-govern the territory with the episcopal chapter.

The island and its noble corporation were subordinated to the Kings of Denmark from 1560 to 1645, to the Swedish Crown from 1645 to 1713, and the Russian Tsar between 1713 and 1918. In 1920 the newly independent Republic of Estonia abolished the institution of nobility and its privileges, liquidating the Oesel Noble Corporation and expropriating the vast majority of their estates.

See also

*Bishopric of Reval
*Swedish Estonia
*Kingdom of Livonia
*List of Estonian rulers
*Livonia
*Swedish Livonia
*United Baltic Duchy

References

* 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article on "Esthonia" at:
** [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Esthonia Classic Encyclopedia]
** [http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/EMS_EUD/ESTHONIA_Ger_Ehstland_and_Ehshl.html Online Encyclopedia]
* [http://www.fromoldbooks.org/Wood-NuttallEncyclopaedia/e/esthonia.html "Esthonia"] at the 1907 "Nuttall Encyclopædia of General Knowledge"
* [http://www.baltische-ritterschaften.de/ Baltische Ritterschaften: Livland. Estland. Kurland. Œsel.]