Foedus Cassianum

According to Roman tradition, the Foedus Cassianum, or the Treaty of Cassius, was a treaty which formed an alliance between the Roman Republic and the Latin League in 493 BC after the Battle of Lake Regillus. It ended the war between the Latin League and Rome, placing Rome as equal in power to all of the members of the League combined.

Background

In their first treaty with Carthage, the Romans listed the surrounding countryside as part of its territory, which the Latin League contested, claiming that the said territory actually belonged to them. A war followed, with the result of a victory for the Romans at the Battle of Lake Regillus and conditional surrender soon after. The treaty, the first "foedus" ever signed by Rome, sealed this surrender. The treaty was concluded in 493 between Rome and thirty Latin cities as two independent powers. The foedus took its name from Spurius Cassius, who was a consul of the Roman Republic at the time the treaty was signed, and who is alleged to have negotiated the terms.

Terms

The treaty laid out several terms. Not only did it stipulate that there would be peace between the two parties, the treaty mandated that the Roman and Latin armies would be joined to provide mutual defence from Italic tribes. Another term was that the Latin League and Rome would split all spoils taken in war. Also, the two parties agreed to set up joint colonies in captured territory so that they both might prosper. Finally, it established a community of private rights between citizens of Rome and any Latin city. The treaty, of which a bronze copy survived in the Roman Forum till Cicero's day, was a landmark in the early history of Rome. The original does not survive. A version given by Dionysius of Halicarnassus is

:"Let there be peace among the Romans and all the Latin cities as long as the heavens and the earth shall remain where they are. Let them neither make war upon one another themselves,nor bring in foreign enemies nor grant a safe passage to those who shall make war upon either. Let them assist one another when warred upon, with all their forces, and let each have an equal share of the spoils and booty taken in their common wars. Let suits relating to private contracts be determined within ten days, and in the nation where the contract was made. And let it not be permitted to add anything to, or take anything away from these treaties except by consent both of the Romans and of all the Latins" [Christopher John Smith [http://books.google.com/books?id=aAUfWgRvoRoC&pg=PA212&lpg=PA212&dq=foedus+cassianum+dionysius&source=web&ots=c4viUifq-S&sig=328G_5lzgGPjPBjPqRbLOLE7pQw#PPA212,M1 Early Rome and Latium: Economy and Society C. 1000 to 500 BC] ,"Oxford University Press", p.212 ]

Dionysius' version mentions a mutual defense pact between the Romans and Latins, but omits any mention of a joint command structure or any provision for mutual consultation. A few fragmentary sentences from L. Cincius (as quoted by Festus) indicated that the Latins would meet at the spring of Ferentina to discuss the issue of command. In addition, he describes the process followed "in a year when it was the responsibility of the Romans to supply a commander for the army by order of the Latin name" Tim J. Cornell [http://books.google.com/books?id=kA7euuQkRgIC&pg=PA299&lpg=PA299&dq=foedus+cassianum+ferentina&source=web&ots=A_u6MHttgh&sig=Biz0iGApLBjMAFCANWRhlp-VFV4#PPA299,M1 The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000-264 BC)] ,"Routledge", 1995, p.299 ISBN 0415015960] . The passage is somewhat vague, and seems to imply that command of the army would alternate in years between the Latins and the Romans. However, this appears to have never occurred, and so the most probable explanation is that a Roman commander was summoned only in years when a campaign actually took place.

Effects

The treaty strengthened Rome greatly, as it essentially added the military power of the Latins to the army of the fledgling Roman Republic. This allowed Rome to expand further, conquering much of the Italian Peninsula. The treaty was renewed in 358 BC. However, Rome reneged on the treaty soon after that, and the Latin War began. Rome eventually overcame the non-Roman members of the league, and the "Foedus Cassianum" was rendered void.

ee also

*Latium
*Latin War

ources

Texts

*Cornell, Tim J. "The Beginnings of Rome". 1995.
*Nelson, Eric. "The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Roman Empire". 2001.
*Penrose, Jane. "Rome and Her Enemies: An Empire Created and Destroyed by War". 2006.

External links

* [http://www.unrv.com/empire/conquest-of-italy.php Conquest of Italy: The Consolidation of Latium] "United Nations of Roma Victrix unvr.com"
* [http://www.unrv.com/empire/roman-timeline-5th-century.php Roman Timeline 5th Century BC] "United Nations of Roma Victrix unvr.com"
* [http://www.roman-empire.net/republic/earlyrepublic.html The Early Roman Republic] "Roman-Empire.net"
* [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=it&u=http://www.circei.it/storia/romana/19cassi.htm&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=3&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%2522foedus%2Bcassianum%2522%26hl%3Den Foedu Cassianum] "Leggenda Del Circeo www.circei.it"
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9034723/foedus#156284.hook foedus] "Encyclopedia Britannica Online"
* [http://209.10.134.179/67/226.html The Early Republic] "The Encyclopedia of World History." 2001

References