Raurimu Spiral

The Raurimu Spiral is a single-track railway spiral, starting with a horseshoe curve, overcoming a 132 m height difference, in the central North Island of New Zealand, on the North Island Main Trunk Railway. It is a notable feat of civil engineering, having been called an 'engineering masterpiece'." [http://www.nzherald.co.nz/category/story.cfm?c_id=97&objectid=10526022 Steel backbone an economic lifeline ] " - "The New Zealand Herald", Saturday 09 August 2008]

Background

During the construction of the central section of the North Island Main Trunk railway between Wellington and Auckland, a major obstacle was faced - how to cross the steep slopes between the North Island Volcanic Plateau to the east and the valleys and gorges of the Whanganui River to the west.

South of Taumarunui the terrain is steep but not unmanageable, with the exception of the stretch between Raurimu and National Park, where the land rises too steeply for a direct rail route. A direct line between these two points would rise 200 m in a distance of some 5 km, a gradient of 1 in 24.

The area was thoroughly surveyed during the 1880s in an attempt to find a route with a lesser grade, but the only viable possibility seemed to require a 20-km detour and nine massive viaducts. Even then, the gradient would have been over 1 in 50.

Construction

The problem was solved in 1898 by R. W. Holmes, Public Works Department engineer. He proposed a line that looped back upon itself and then spiralled around with the aid of tunnels and bridges, rising at a gradient of 1 in 52. Though costly and labour intensive, the scheme was still cheaper than the previous plan by Browne and Turner which required 9 viaducts down the Piopiotea. Probably the most remarkable feature is that, even today, there is no place to view the complete line. By all accounts Holmes visualised the layout in his imagination.

The railway forms an ascending spiral southwards, with two tunnels, a circle and three hairpin bends. From the north, trains pass Raurimu before going round a 180° bend to the left in a horseshoe curve, climbing above the track on which they have just travelled. Two sharp bends to the right follow, after which the line passes through two short tunnels. Trains then complete a full circle, crossing over the longer of the two tunnels through which they have just passed, before continuing towards Wellington. Two kilometres further on the line has two further sharp bends, to the right and then to the left.

After the second of these bends a train has has risen 132 m and travelled 6.8 km from Raurimu - the straight-line distance is 2 km.

See also

* North Island Main Trunk Railway
* Tehachapi Loop

References

*"North Island Main Trunk: An Illustrated History" by Bill Pierre (1981, Reed, Wellington) ISBN 0589013165 (Chapters 12 & 13, pages 42-49)
*"By Design: A brief history of the Public Works Department Ministry of Works 1870-1970" by Rosslyn J. Noonan (1975, Crown Copyright) Appendix XIV, The Raurimu Spiral by J. H. Christie (pages 312-315).

External links

* [http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/Gov10_01Rail-fig-Gov10_01Rail035a.html Map of Spiral]
* [http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/Gov14_08Rail-fig-Gov14_08Rail055a.html A view of Raurimu Station from the first turn]
* [http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/Gov14_09Rail-fig-Gov14_09Rail035a.html A humourist's view of the Spiral, 1908]
* [http://www.websnz.com/ttt/nzr/nzrrs.php3 Raurimu Spiral]
* [http://www.ipenz.org.nz/heritage/itemdetail.cfm?itemid=71 NZ Engineering Heritage North Island Main Trunk line page]
* [http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/media/photo/raurimu-spiral "Raurimu Spiral" (NZR Publicity pamphlet)]
* [http://www.historic.org.nz/Register/ListingDetail.asp?RID=7588&sm= New Zealand Historic Places Trust listing]
* [http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/Gov11_06Rail-fig-Gov11_06Rail035a.html Photo of the Daylight Limited on the Spiral]
* [http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/Gov03_04Rail-fig-Gov03_04Rail026a.html Photo; building the Spiral, 1908]
* [http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/Gov03_05Rail-fig-Gov03_05Rail039a.html A view from the carriage window, 1928]
* [http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/Gov01_05Rail-fig-Gov01_05Rail031a.html A tunnel entrance, c1926]