Operation Beit ol-Moqaddas

Operation Undeniable Victory
Part of Iran–Iraq War
Khorramshahr Khorramshahr (Iran)
Date 24th April 1982- 22nd May 1982 Location Khuzestan, South-West Iran Result Decisive Iranian victory Territorial changes Iranians recapture Khorramshahr
Belligerents
Iraq	Iran
Commanders and leaders
	Hossein Kharrazi
Strength
70,000 fighters	70,000 fighters[citation needed]
Casualties and losses
16,000 killed[citation needed] 19,000 captured	6,000 killed 24,000 wounded

Operation Beit ol-Moqaddas (or Operation Jerusalem) was an Iranian operation conducted during the Iran–Iraq War. The operation was a success, in as so far as it achieved its standing aim of evicting Iraqi troops from the Iranian city of Khorramshahr. This operation, coupled with Operation Jerusalem Way, and Operation Undeniable Victory, succeeded in evicting Iraqi troops from southern Iran.

The numbers of casualties sustained by Iraq and Iran are unknown; but it is likely that there was not as marked a difference between both sides as there would be when Iran was losing thousands in one campaign against a relatively paltry Iraqi dead and wounded. Iran was using massed human-wave attacks of Pasdaran and Basij fighters, which it would come to rely on later in the war from 1983 onwards. However, they were supporting these attacks with sufficient artillery and aerial support, and the fighters acted alongside regular Iranian troops, who were much better trained than the poorly-equipped Islamic Revolutionary fighters.

Prelude

On September 22, 1980, because of his desire that Iraq should have complete dominance over the Shatt al-Arab(or the Arvand Rūd) waterway, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein declared war against Iran and launched a land invasion of southern Iran, although operations did occur elsewhere on the Iran-Iraq border. After achieving stunning successes, Saddam Hussein amazingly ordered that the Iraqi troops 'dig-in' on the front line. He hoped that this would show the world that he cared about the fate of the Iranian people, and that he was only concerned with achieving his aim of securing the entire Shatt al-Arab waterway; which had been under dispute since the 1975 Algiers Agreement had been under some strain. That agreement was itself an attempt to settle the historical dispute over possession of the waterway. However, since the Islamic Revolution of Iran in 1979; Iraq had felt that it was necessary to assume what it wanted through force, and that it was no use trying to negotiate with the revolutionary Iranian government.

Once the Iraqi forces had settled, the Iranians could begin planning a series of operations designed to evict the Iraqis from southern Iran, of which Operation Jerusalem Way was one.

Battle

The Iranians attacked, with some 70,000 fighters in the Ahvaz-Susangerd area. The Iraqi forces in the area withdrew, and planned to mount a defence at Khorramshahr.

The Iraqis launched a counter-offensive on the 20th May. However, despite its scale, the Iranians were able to repulse the attack.

On the 22nd May, the Iranians Liberated Khorramshahr; the vitally strategically important Iranian city whose capture by Iraq had been the low-point of Iranian fortunes in the early days of the war

The Iraqis were ordered to retreat, although many had done when Khorramshar had fallen, back into Iraq. The Iranians captured 12,000 Iraqi troops and a substantial amount of Iraqi military hardware.

References

• The Iran–Iraq War 1980-1988; Karsh, Efraim; Osprey Publishing; 2002