Naivasha Agreement

"Abyei, Nuba Mountains, and Blue Nile are to hold a referendum in 2011 on whether to join South Sudan."The Comprehensive Peace Agreement, commonly known as the Naivasha Agreement, was a set of agreements culminating in January 2005 that were signed between the Sudan People's Liberation Movement and the Government of Sudan. The Naivasha Agreement was meant to end the Second Sudanese Civil War, develop democratic governance countrywide and share oil revenues. It further set a timetable by which Southern Sudan would have a referendum on its independence.

The peace process was encouraged by the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), as well as IGAD-Partners, a consortium of donor countries.

Components

The process resulted in the following agreements:
* The Protocol of Machakos: Signed in Machakos, Kenya, on 20 July 2002. Agreement on broad principles of government and governance
* The Protocol on security arrangements: Signed in Naivasha, Kenya, on 25 September 2003
* The Protocol on wealth-sharing: Signed in Naivasha, Kenya, on 7 January 2004
* The Protocol on Power-sharing: Signed in Naivasha, Kenya, on 26 May 2004
* The Protocol on the resolution of conflict in southern Kordofan/Nuba Mountains and the Blue Nile States: Signed in Naivasha, Kenya, on 26 May 2004
* The Protocol on the resolution of conflict in Abyei: Signed in Naivasha, Kenya, on 26 May 2004
* Permanent Ceasefire and Security Arrangements Implementation Modalities During the Pre-Interim and Interim Periods: Signed in Naivasha on 30 October, 2004The final agreement tying together and setting in motion all the protocols, implementation modalities and ceasefire was signed on 9 January 2005.

2007 Southern withdrawal

On 11 October 2007, the SPLM withdrew from the government of national unity (GoNU), accusing the central government of violating the terms of the CPA. In particular, the SPLM states that the Khartoum-based government, which is dominated by the National Congress Party, has failed to withdraw over 15,000 troops from southern oilfields and failed to implement the Protocol on Abyei. The SPLM stated that it was not returning to war, while analysts noted that the agreement had been disintegrating for some time, notably because of international focus on the conflict in nearby Darfur. [ [http://irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=74746 "SUDAN: Southern pull-out threatens peace deal"] , "IRIN", 11 October 2007]

The SPLM announced that it was rejoining the government on 13 December 2007, following an agreement. The agreement states that the seat of government will rotate between Juba and Khartoum every three months, though it appears that this will be largely symbolic, as well as funding for a census (vital for the referendum) and a timetable for the withdrawal of troops across the border. [ [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7139757.stm "Sudan to have shuttle government"] , "BBC News", 13 December 2007]

Northern Sudanese troops finally left Southern Sudan on 8 January 2008. [ [http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iNfis0IPhNcXbXruOh9lAQmQQxvw AFP: North Sudan troops complete southern withdrawal: ex-rebels ] ]

References and notes

External links

* [http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/EVIU-6AZBDB?OpenDocument Text of agreement] hosted by ReliefWeb
* [http://www.unmis.org/English/cpa.htm CPA page] maintained by United Nations Mission in Sudan
* [http://hrw.org/english/docs/2004/11/18/sudan9668.htm "Sudan: Human Rights Accountability Must Be Part of North-South Peace Agreement"] , Human Rights Watch, November 2004
* [http://www.swp-berlin.org/en/common/get_document.php?asset_id=1932 "Sudan after the Naivasha Peace Agreement: No Champagne Yet"] by Denis M. Tull, German Institute for International and Security Affairs, 3 February 2005
* [http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?&id=3582 "The Khartoum-SPLM Agreement: Sudan's Uncertain Peace"] , International Crisis Group, 25 July 2005
* [http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=4055 "Sudan’s Comprehensive Peace Agreement: The Long Road Ahead"] , International Crisis Group, 31 March 2006
* [http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=5329&l=1 "Sudan’s Comprehensive Peace Agreement: Beyond the Crisis"] , International Crisis Group, 13 March 2008