Lyre arm

A lyre arm is an element of design in furniture, architecture or the decorative arts, wherein a shape is employed to emulate the geometry of a lyre; [ [http://www.ruddfurniture.com/pages/glossary.html On-line furniture glossary] ] the original design of this element is from the Classical Greek period, simply reflecting the stylistic design of the musical instrument. One of the earliest uses extant of the lyre design in the Christian era is a sixth century AD gravestone with lyre design in double volute form. ["Archaic Attic Gravestones", Gisela Marie Augusta Richter, 1944, Oberlin College Press] In a furniture context, the design is often associated with a scrolling effect of the arms of a chair or sofa. The lyre arm design arises in many periods of furniture, including Neoclassical schools and in particular the American Federal Period and the Victorian era. Well known designers who employed this stylistic element include the noted New York furniture designer Duncan Phyfe. ["American Furniture And Decoration Colonial And Federal". Edward Stratton Holloway, Kessinger Publishing (1928)]

The term lyre chair is a closely associated design element also originating in motif from the Greek Classical period and appearing often in chair backs starting circa 1700 AD. In the lyre chair, the splat features a pair of single lyre scrolls with bilateral symmetry. This particular splat chair back was a favourite motif employed by the well known furniture designer Thomas Sheraton. [http://books.google.com/books?id=9FYvAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA297&dq=lyre+furniture "Colonial Furniture in America", Luke Vincent Lockwood, Scribner Publishers (1901}] ] Sometimes a chair of this design is called a lyre back chair.

In musical apparati

Not surprisingly the lyre motif has been used through history as an element of music stand and other musical appurtenance design. Perhaps most commonly the lyre design has been used for centuries as the backing of sheet music stands. [ [http://books.google.com/books?id=R4hylEpE6qkC&pg=PA55&ots=618Sz4GdCN&dq=%22lyre+music+stand&sig=lw4EsSXpm9yW9y6EkPn_zpUkwHg "Dolls' House Shops, Cafes & Restaurants" By Jean Nisbett, 2005, Guild of Master Craftsmen Publications Limited, East Sussex, England] ] As an example of the lyre design in other musical furniture, one highly ornate piano described in the 1902 catalog of the collection of the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art was depicted as: "having in the centre a lyre supporting the pedals". ["Musical Instruments of all Nations", Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, N.Y., 1902]

Other use of the lyre design

Beyond the use of the lyre design in chairs, this motif is common in other decorative applications for furniture and other contents' accessories. In prehistoric Celtic design, the lyre is present in a number of works including a well preserved scabbard found in Antrim, Northern Ireland and now preserved in the Ulster Museum; ["Prehistoric Art in Europe", Nancy K. Sandars, 1968, Penguin Books] this artifact has a bilaterally symmetric double lyre design. For example, in the Empire Period the lyre was commonly applied to mirrors, especially in the American Federal Period. [http://books.google.com/books?id=9FYvAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA297&dq=lyre+furniture "Colonial Furniture in America", Luke Vincent Lockwood, Scribner Publishers (1901}] ] In the early 1800s in the United States, Thomas Sheraton employed the lyre design for use in table supports. [ [http://books.google.com/books?id=9FYvAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA297&dq=lyre+furniture "Colonial Furniture in America", Luke Vincent Lockwood, p 240, Scribner Publishers (1901}] ] Another example of lyre supports in a table design is illustrated in "History Of Furniture: Ancient to 19th Century", showing a small ebony table. ["History Of Furniture: Ancient to 19th Century", Michael Huntley, Sterling Publishing, 2003] Lockwood also documents that Sheraton enjoyed using a painted form of the lyre on furniture elements as decoration in the Federal Period. Lockwood further illustrates a lyre supported games table from circa 1820 believed to have been produced by Duncan Phyfe. [ [http://books.google.com/books?id=9FYvAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA297&dq=lyre+furniture "Colonial Furniture in America", Luke Vincent Lockwood, p. 244, Scribner Publishers (1901}] ]

In fiction

Numerous references exist to the lyre arm or lyre chair in fictional literature, the lyre design being associated with historical splendour and opulent living circumstances. In the noted artist Honore Daumier's work "Emportez donc ca plus loin" an emancipated woman appears (illustrated within the work) in a lyre shaped chair by a cabriole leg desk at work while her husband minds the couple's child. [ [http://books.google.com/books?id=-175kS3j87gC&pg=PA83&dq=lyre+chair&sig=FHa3aenYKnNsUcL_cfXFTlZSzxc#PPA83,M1 "The Woman of Ideas in French Art, 1830-1848" By Janis Bergman-Carton, 1995, Yale University Press] ] In a further example in the "Irish Manor House Murder" reference is made to an expensive "Renaissance lyre chair" in the context of a very fine piece of furniture. ["The Irish Manor House Murder" By Dicey Deere, 2001, St. Martins Press] In another instance the lyre chair design was used to evoke period opulence in a parlour scene of "The Call of Cthulhu and Other Weird Stories"; ["The Call of Cthulhu and Other Weird Stories" Howard Phillips Lovecraft, Penguin Classics (1999)] in that scene one of the characters sank into a lyre chair in the presence of other fine period furnishings including a Chippendale table.

In modern literature the lyre chair is sometimes referenced outside its context of classical furniture merely as the backdrop to a scene description as in the novel "Le Tournesol", ["Le Tournesol", Thérèse de Saint-Phalle, p. 72, 1972, Larousse Harrap Publishers] where a sensuous sequence unfolds: "She tossed her underclothing onto the lyre chair, pulled down the bedspread, slipped into bed, stretched out for the light switch and curled into the tepid darkness of her covers."

Endnotes

External links

* [http://www.thecharlesstewart.com/ottoa.html] Example of a sofa with upholstered lyre arm and spindle leg design.