Taunton Castle

Infobox Historic building


caption=
name=Taunton Castle
location_town=Taunton
location_country=England
map_type=Somerset
latitude=51.0153
longitude=-3.1138
architect=
client=William Giffard
engineer=
construction_start_date=1107
completion_date=1129
date_demolished=
cost=
structural_system=
style=
size=

Taunton Castle was built to defend Taunton in Somerset.

It has origins in the Anglo Saxon period and was later the site of a priory and then a Norman stone built castle belonging to the Bishops of Winchester. The current buildings are the inner ward which now houses the county museum with hotels on the sites of previous gate houses.

Anglo Saxon origins

The earliest fortification of Taunton started for King Ine of Wessex and Æthelburg, in or about the year 710. However according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle this was destroyed twelve years later.cite web |url=http://www.britannia.com/history/somerset/castles/tauntoncast.html |title= History of Taunton Castle in Somerset By Charles Oman|accessdate=2007-11-21 |format= |work=Britannia castles ] An ecclesiastical minster is traditionally said to have been founded at Taunton, only a few years later, by Queen Frithugyth, wife of King Æthelheard of Wessex, and the Bishops of Wessex appear to have built a manor house, adjoining it.

At the time of the Domesday Book Taunton belonged to the Bishop of Winchester, who had a minster or Augustinian Priory on the site. Between 1107 and 1129 William Giffard the Chancellor of King Henry I, converted the bishop's hall into a castle It was his successor, Henry of Blois, who transformed the manor-house here into a mighty castle in 1138,cite web |url=http://www.ecastles.co.uk/taunton.html |title=Taunton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-21 |format= |work=Castles and fortifications of England and Wales ] during the Civil War that raged during the reign of his brother, King Stephen. In 1216, Bishop Peter des Roches, a supporter of King John, defended the castle during a barons' revolt.

Middle ages and civil war

The gate-house of the inner ward was probably of Edward I's date, but it was changed by Bishop Walter Langton in 1496.cite web |url=http://www.everythingexmoor.org.uk/_T/Taunton_Castle.php |title=Taunton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-21 |format= |work=Everything Exmoor ] He inserted a large two-lighted Tudor window and placed a tablet bearing his own arms, supported by angels, above it and the Royal Coat of King Henry VII below. The Great Hall, which stands just opposite the gateway, is convert|120|ft|m|0 by convert|31|ft|m|0, with walls apparently, in part, Norman, but much changed by later generations. Bishop Langton inserted Tudor windows but all of them, save two in the north front, have been replaced by seventeenth or eighteenth century substitutes.

It was in this hall that Judge Jeffries, in 1685, held the "Bloody Assizes" and condemned more than 200 of the rebels who had followed "King Monmouth". It had fallen into ruin by 1600 but it was repaired during the Civil War. Taunton Castle changed hands several times during the great Civil War of 1642-45 but only along with the town. [cite web |url=http://www.tauntontowncentre.co.uk/about_taunton_history.htm |title=Taunton's History |accessdate=2007-11-21 |format= |work=Taunton Town Centre! ] During the Siege of Taunton it was defended by Robert Blake, from July 1644 to July 1645. After the war, in 1662, the keep was demolished and only the base remains.

Architecture

Taunton was a typical Norman keep of the first half of the twelfth century, convert|50|ft|m|0 long by convert|40|ft|m|0 wide, in three stories, with walls some convert|13|ft|m|0 thick. This was let into the walls of an inner ward with a stone enceinte and, there was an outer bailey represented by the modern "Castle Green".

By 1780, many parts of the castle, had fallen into a bad condition and were repaired in a Georgian style by Sir Benjamin Hammet, a banker of Lombard Street, London and the Member of Parliament for Taunton. In 1786 had purchased the grant as bailiff and keeper of Taunton Castle in the names of his sons and his nephew. [cite web |url=http://www.sanhs.org/Good%20Ship%20Taunton%20Castle.htm |title=The Good Ship Taunton Castle by David Dawson|accessdate=2007-11-21 |format= |work=Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society ] He put on a new roof, inserted many windows and recast many other details all round the castle.

The outer ward is now occupied by two hotels, which have been crenellated, in order to be in keeping with the genuine battlements of the inner ward. But the great gate, opening into the enclosure, where they stand, is in part a genuine antique, having the arches of an "Early Decorated " gate-house of about the time of Edward I, though the super-structure is a restoration of 1816. In 1899–1900 the Great Hall was repaired and refitted as the Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society's chief museum space, and in 1908-9 the Adam Library was created to house the society's growing collection of books. [cite web |url=http://www.sanhs.org/History%20of%20Society.htm |title=The History of the Society |accessdate=2007-11-21 |format= |work=Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society ]

The Castle Today

The great hall and inner ward of the original castle make up the Somerset County Museum. In October 2007 plans for a £6.5 million improvement to the museum and the castle were submitted by Somerset County Council to the Heritage Lottery Fund. [cite news |first=Phil |last=Hill |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Plans go in for £6.5million museum |url=http://www.somersetcountygazette.co.uk/news/sgnewstaunton/display.var.1779924.0.plans_go_in_for_6_5million_museum.php |work=Somerset County Gazette |publisher= |date=2007-10-24 |accessdate=2007-10-29 ] The building has been designated by English Heritage as a grade I listed building. [cite web | title= Taunton Castle | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=269653 | accessdate=2007-11-05]

The Castle Hotel, Taunton is over 300 years old in its own right and is built on the site of one of the outer gate houses.

References