Derek J. de Solla Price

Derek J. de Solla Price

Derek John de Solla Price (22 January 1922 – 3 September 1983) was a physicist, historian of science, and information scientist, credited as the father of scientometrics.

Biography

Price was born in Leyton, England, to Philip Price, a tailor, and Fanny de Solla, a singer. He began work in 1938 as an assistant in a physics laboratory at the South West Essex Technical College, before studying Physics and Mathematics at the University of London, where he received a B.Sc. in 1942. He obtained a Ph.D. in experimental physics from the University of London in 1946.

Price worked as a teacher of applied mathematics at Raffles College (which was to become part of the University of Singapore in 1948). It was there that he formulated his theory on the exponential growth of science, an idea that occurred to him when he noticed the growth in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society between 1665 and 1850 – he had the complete set in his home while Raffles College had its library built.

After three years, Price returned to England to work on a second Ph.D., in the history of science, this time at the University of Cambridge. During his Ph.D. studies, he accidentally discovered Equatorie of the Planetis, a manuscript written in Middle English, which he attributed to Geoffrey Chaucer.

Around 1950, Price adopted his mother's Sephardic name, "de Solla", as a middle name. He was a "British Atheist... from a rather well-known Sephardic Jewish family", and although his Danish wife, Ellen, had been christened as a Lutheran, he did not, according to their son Mark, regard their marriage as "mixed", because they were both atheists.^[1]

After obtaining his second doctorate, Price moved to the United States, where he served as a consultant to the Smithsonian Institution, and as a fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. His next post was at Yale University, where he worked until his death, serving as the Avalon Professor of the History of Science, and as chair of a new department that encompassed the histories of science, technology, and medicine.

In 1984, Price received, posthumously, the ASIS Research Award for outstanding contributions in the field of information science.

Scientific contributions

Price's major scientific contributions include:

• studies of the exponential growth of science and the half-life of scientific literature; together with the formulation of Price's Law, namely that 25% of scientific authors are responsible for 75% of published papers (Price 1963);
• quantitative studies of the network of citations between scientific papers (Price 1965), including the discovery that both the in- and out-degrees of a citation network have power-law distributions, making this the first published example of a scale-free network;
• a mathematical theory of the growth of citation networks, based on what would now be called a preferential attachment process (Price 1976);^[2]
• an analysis of the Antikythera mechanism, an ancient Greek clockwork calculator (Price 1959, 1974).

Notable publications

• "An ancient Greek computer", in Scientific American 200 (6):60-67 (1959).
• Science since Babylon, New Haven: Yale University Press (1961)
• "Mechanical Waterclocks of the 14th Century in Fez, Morocco", in Proceedings of the Tenth International Congress of the History of Science (Ithaca, N.Y, 1962), Paris: Hermann, pp. 599-602 (1962)
• Little Science, Big Science, New York: Columbia University Press (1963)
• "Networks of Scientific Papers", in Science 149 (3683):510-515 (1965).
• "Nations can Publish or Perish", in International Science and Technology 70 84-90 (1967)
• "Citation Measures of Hard Science, Soft Science, Technology, and Nonscience", in Nelson, C. E. & Pollock, D.K. (eds.), Communication among Scientists and Engineers, Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and Company, pp. 3-22 (1970).
• "Gears from the Greeks: The Antikythera Mechanism – A Calendar Computer from ca. 80 B.C.", in Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (New Series) 64 (7):1-70 (1974). Also published as a book with the same title by Science History Publications, New York, (1975).
• "A general theory of bibliometric and other cumulative advantage processes", in Journal of the American Society for Information Science 27:292-306 (1976)(Winner of 1976 JASIS paper award.)

Notes

1. ^ Price, Mark de Solla (2007-06-17). "Mark de Solla Price UU Sermon Gay Pride 2007". http://www.markandvinny.com/Mark_de_Solla_Price_UU_Sermon_Gay_Pride_2007.pdf. Retrieved 2008-08-01. ^{[dead link]}
2. ^ The technical elements of Price's treatment relied heavily upon previous work by Herbert Simon, but Price was the first to apply the idea to the growth of a network.

References

• American Society of Information Science and Technology
• Derek de Solla Price (1983)
• This Week's Citation Classic: Little Science, Big Science. ISI. Current Contents 29:18 (July).
• Pastore, Giovanni, ANTIKYTHERA E I REGOLI CALCOLATORI, Rome, 2006, privately published
• The Antikythera Calculator (Italian and English versions)

Persondata
Name	Price, Derek J. De Solla
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	22 January 1922
Place of birth
Date of death	3 September 1983
Place of death