Gillespie, Kidd & Coia

Infobox Architectural Practice


caption=Main chapel at St Peter's Seminary
name=Gillespie, Kidd & Coia
architects=Jack Coia
Thomas Warnett Kennedy
Isi Metzstein
Andy MacMillan
city=Glasgow
founded=1927
dissolved=1987
significant_buildings=St Peter's Seminary
Wadham College, Oxford
Robinson College, Cambridge
St Bride's, East Kilbride
awards=RIBA Royal Gold Medal [The RIBA Gold Medal was awarded to Jack Coia alone, but in his acceptance speech he acknowledged the role of the other architects in the firm, and accepted on their behalf] |

Gillespie, Kidd & Coia were a Scottish architectural firm famous for their application of modernism in churches and universities, as well as at St Peter's Seminary in Cardross. Though founded in 1927, it is for their work in the post-war period that they are best known. The firm was wound up in 1987.

In 2007, the firm was the subject of a major retrospective exhibition at The Lighthouse, Glasgow.

History of the practice

Origins

The Scottish architect James Salmon (1805-1888) established a practice in Glasgow in 1830. John Gaff Gillespie (1870-1926) was hired in 1891, when the practice was known as James Salmon & Son, and was run by the son, William Forrest Salmon. The practice name was changed in 1903 to Salmon & Son & Gillespie, with James Salmon (1873-1924), grandson of the founder, and John Gaff Gillespie as partners. William Alexander Kidd (1879-1928) joined the firm in 1898, becoming a partner, with Gillespie, in 1918 (James Salmon had left the firm in 1913). Kidd became sole partner on Gillespie's death in 1926. [cite web |url=http://www.codexgeo.co.uk/dsa/architect_full.php?id=M000544 |title=John Gaff Gillespie |work=Dictionary of Scottish Architects 1840-1940 |accessdate=2007-12-19] [cite web |url=http://www.codexgeo.co.uk/dsa/architect_full.php?id=M000543 |title=Gillespie Kidd & Coia |work=Dictionary of Scottish Architects 1840-1940 |accessdate=2007-12-19]

In 1915 the 16 year old Giacomo Antonio ("Jack") Coia (1898-1981) joined the firm of Gillespie & Kidd as an apprentice. Coia was born in Wolverhampton, England, to Italian parents, and was raised in Glasgow. In 1923 he left for travel to Europe and work in London, returning as a partner in 1927, at Kidd’s request following Gillespie’s death. Kidd himself died in 1928, and Coia thus inherited the practice by then known as Gillespie, Kidd & Coia.cite book |author=Rodger, Johnny |title=Gillespie, Kidd & Coia: Architecture 1956-1987 |date=2007 |publisher=RIAS/The Lighthouse |chapter=Towards the MacMillan and Metzstein Years |editor=Rodger, Johnny (ed.) |pages=pp.11-20]

Early years

At the time Coia took over, the practice had little work. Coia took a teaching position at the Mackintosh School of Architecture within the Glasgow School of Art (GSA), and began to seek new clients. After approaching Donald Mackintosh, the Archbishop of Glasgow, he secured the practice's first commission for a new church in 1931. The Roman Catholic Church would remain the firm's principal client until the early 1970s. In 1938, Thomas Warnett Kennedy became a partner with Coia, contributing to designs for St Peter in Chains, Ardrossan, and the Roman Catholic pavilion for the Glasgow Empire Exhibition. The practice also collaborated with Thomas S. Tait on the Exhibition masterplan.

The Second World War brought a hiatus in the practice's work. The "Dictionary of Scottish Architects" states that Coia was interned as an enemy alien during the war. However, Rodger disputes this, stating that there is no record of the British-born Coia's internment, although several of his Italian-born relatives were taken to the Isle of Man.cite web |url=http://www.codexgeo.co.uk/dsa/architect_full.php?id=M000542 |title=Jack Antonio Coia |work=Dictionary of Scottish Architects 1840-1940 |accessdate=2008-02-20]

Post-war period

Gillespie, Kidd & Coia was revived in 1945, although without Kennedy, who later emigrated to Canada. Coia hired 18 year old Isi Metzstein as an apprentice, and continued to design churches and other works for the Roman Catholic Church. The firm's work of this period is considered by architectural historians to be inferior. Rodger describes Coia's difficulty with seeing projects through, which was countered by his "flair for heading an architectural office". This led to the development of an atelier-style practice, with Coia gradually handing over design control to concentrate on client relations. In 1954 Andy MacMillan, a contemporary of Metzstein at the GSA, joined the firm from the East Kilbride Development Corporation, and despite neither of the young architects being fully qualified, they had assumed creative control by 1956. Coia's last significant architectural work was for St Charles, North Kelvinside in 1959.

MacMillan and Metzstein

The first result of the new designers was St Paul's, Glenrothes (1956), which broke with the practice's earlier church designs by embracing the Modernism of Le Corbusier and Frank Lloyd Wright. Their opportunity lay in demographic changes taking place in Scotland at the time. The huge post-war construction project of new towns relocated many people from inner city Glasgow. As a result, the number of Catholics in Glasgow collapsed: the total number of Catholics in eight city centre parishes fell from 69,000 in 1951 to 13,000 in 1971.fact|date=February 2008 This was against a rising number of Catholics in the country as a whole, reaching a peak of 15% of the population in the early 1960s.fact|date=February 2008 These changes required new churches for the new town communities, as well as new city churches to service the shrunken congregations. Gillespie, Kidd & Coia were one of the few practices involved in the building of the new churches. MacMillan and Metzstein's work in the period 1956-1987 was enabled not only by MacMillan's practical experience at the new town of East Kilbride, but also by the willingness of their principal client, the Roman Catholic Church, to accept radical experimentation.

Meanwhile Coia continued to keep up the profile of the practice through lecturing and through his roles as a prominent member of the Catenian Society of Catholic professionals, as a governor of the GSA, and as president of the Glasgow Institute of Architects. He was made a CBE in 1967, and received the RIBA Royal Gold Medal in 1969.

The church-building programme drew to a close in the 1970s, and Gillespie, Kidd & Coia began to seek out alternative sources of work. They completed several schools, as well as university projects in England. After Coia's death in 1981, the practice was gradually wound down. Their limited output through the 1980s was brought to a close with the conversion of the Museum of Modern Art in Oxford in 1987.

Architectural work

Gillespie, Kidd & Coia's work can be split into three main phases, coinciding with the historical development of the practice. Early works were executed in a neo-romanesque style, with features such as round arches inserted into building shapes influenced by Arts and Crafts architecture and international-style modernism. Their use of brick walls was also bold in Scotland, where stone or render were the dominant external building finishes. This style was continued in the second phase, after the war, but with less successful results. The third and most celebrated phase is the period 1956-1987, when Metzstein and MacMillan took over creative control, bringing with them the influence of Le Corbusier and Frank Lloyd Wright. Concrete, as well as brick, became a preferred material, and the practice continued to be influenced by contemporary developments of Mid-Century modernism and brutalism.

Churches

The firm was already designing churches with a modern influence in the 1930s. with St. Patrick's, Orangefield, Greenock forming an example from 1934-35. [cite web |url=http://www.inverclyde.gov.uk/Economic_Development/index.php?module=article&view=377 |title=Listed Buildings - Greenock - St. Patrick's R.C. Church and Presbytery |accessdate=2008-02-20]

Scotland is peppered with modernist ecclesiastical architecture, virtually all from the firm of Gillespie, Kidd & Coia. St Mary's, Bo'ness (1962), since demolished; St Joseph's, Faifley, (1964); Our Lady of Good Counsel, Dennistoun, (1965); St Benedict's, Easterhouse, (1965); and St. Paul's, Glenrothes, (1956) were all geometric buildings with sweeping roofs, using new construction techniques, such as glued laminated timber. By contrast, churches including St Charles, North Kelvinside, (1959); St Mary of the Angels, Falkirk, (1960); St Bride's, East Kilbride, (1963), St Patricks, Kilsyth, (1963); and Sacred Heart, Cumbernauld, (1964) were all rectangular, load-bearing brick, or in the case of St Charles', exposed concrete frame with brick curtain-walling. These churches are very plain on the outside, but dramatically lit on the inside.

t Peter's Seminary

St. Peter's Seminary in Cardross, Argyll and Bute is regarded as Gillespie, Kidd & Coia's most significant work. However since the building's closure in the 1980s it has been in a ruinous state.

chools and colleges

Gillespie, Kidd & Coia carried out several school commissions, including Roman Catholic schools in Bellshill and Glasgow, and the Notre Dame College in Bearsden (1969, partially demolished 2007).

Offices and other works

The firm's most prominent office commission was the BOAC building on Buchanan Street, Glasgow (1970). The firm undertook relatively little residential work, with projects in East Kilbride, Cumbernauld (1961), and Stantonbury, Milton Keynes (1976), as well as sheltered housing in Dumbarton (1967). In 1962, the practice completed Bellshill Maternity Hospital (demolished 2003), winning a Civic Trust Award.

University architecture

From the late 1960s, Gillespie, Kidd & Coia executed three major university projects in England, as well as Bonar Hall at the University of Dundee (1976). The first was for The Lawns, a group of student residences for the University of Hull (1968). From 1971 to 1979 they worked on two extensions to Wadham College, Oxford. These included one large block containing new undergraduate accommodation and a college library, and a smaller addition behind the King's Arms pub. This includes a small music shop for Blackwell's, described as "a refreshing, shocking contribution to the gloomy Oxford backstreet in which it stands" by the Architects Journal.fact|date=February 2008

Robinson College, Cambridge was their most important building of this phase, and the last major building they designed. Winning a competition in 1974 for the entirely new college, their building is clad almost exclusively in brick, and incorporats existing gardens dating from the 1890s and 1900s.

Notes

Bibliography

*Diane Watters, "Cardross Seminary : Gillespie, Kidd & Coia and the architecture of postwar Catholicism", (Edinburgh: Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland, 1997)
*Robert Proctor, "Churches for a Changing Liturgy: Gillespie, Kidd & Coia and the Second Vatican Council", in "Architectural History", no. 48 (2005), pp. 291-322
*Johnny Rodger (ed.), "Gillespie, Kidd & Coia: Architecture 1956-1987" (Glasgow: Lighthouse, 2007)

External links

* [http://www.gillespiekiddandcoia.com Gillespie, Kidd & Coia Architecture 1956-1987]
* [http://www.c20society.org.uk/docs/casework/gkc.html Gillespie, Kidd & Coia] at The Twentieth Century Society
* [http://www.e-architect.co.uk/architects/gillespie_kidd_coia.htm Gillespie, Kidd & Coia] at e-architect
* [http://www.thelighthouse.co.uk/exhibition.php?page=exhibition&sub=ex-current&view=89 Gillespie, Kidd & Coia: Architecture 1956-1987] exhibition at The Lighthouse