Geology of Delaware

The Geology of Delaware consists of two physiographic provinces. They are the Atlantic Coastal Plain Province and the Piedmont Province.

Coastal plain

The coastal plain in Delaware is by far the largest province, encompassing all of the state south of the Kirkwood Highway from Newark to Wilmington. [Plank, M.O., and Schenck, W.S.,(1998). Delaware Piedmont Geology Including a guide to the rocks of Red Clay Valley: Delaware Geologic Survey SP-20, p 17] The unconsolidated sediments of the coastal plain range in age from Cretaceous to recent. They consist of gravels, sands, silt, and clay, with varying mixtures of all four. The oldest layer, the Potomac Formation also contains some scattered lignite.

Atlantic coastline

Delaware has a 25 mile (40 km) coastline that includes the communities of Rehoboth Beach, Dewey Beach, Bethany Beach, South Bethany, and Fenwick Island. Headlands are located at Rehoboth and Bethany and one inlet, Indian River Inlet serves as the only "natural" access to Rehoboth and Indian River Bays. The other areas are know as bay barriers and provide the only separation from the Atlantic Ocean from the lagoons.

Off shore there are two shoal fields; Hen and Chickens shoal and Fenwick Island shoal. These two areas pose a hazard to boaters. The longshore drift along the coast is generally north with a node just below South Bethany moving the sand south toward Ocean City, Maryland. Further offshore, the Delaware River paleovalley, which existed during the most recent ice age, is filled with recent sediments scoured and re-deposited as sea level rose. [McKenna, K.K., and Ramsey, K.W. (2002). An Evaluation of Sand Resources, Atlantic Offshore, Delaware. Delaware Geologic Survey, Report of Investigation No. 63, Newark, Delaware.]

Piedmont

The Piedmont Physiographic Region of Delaware only includes the hills of northern New Castle County, which rise to approximately 400 feet above sea level. The Piedmont extends into neighboring Pennsylvania and Maryland.

The rocks exposed in the Piedmont are metamorphic and igneous rocks that are approximately half a billion to 1.2 billion years old. The only Precambrian rock unit is the Baltimore Gneiss. Cambrian to Ordovician rocks include Wilmington Complex, Setters Formation, Cockeysville Marble, and Wissahickon Formation. Silurian rocks include the Iron Hill Gabbro, Bringhurst Gabbro, and Arden Plutonic Supersuite [http://www.udel.edu/dgs/Geology/geostrat.html] . The cities of Wilmington and Newark lie at the Fall line, where the northern margin of the younger Cretaceous coastal plain sediments overlie the older Piedmont rocks.

Geologic features

* Cape Henlopen [http://www.udel.edu/dgs/Publications/pubsonline/SP26.pdf DGS Special Publication 26]
* Red Clay Valley [http://www.udel.edu/dgs/Publications/pubsonline/SP20.pdf DGS Special Publication 20]
* Pollack Farm Fossil Site [http://www.udel.edu/dgs/Publications/pubsonline/SP21.pdf DGS Special Publication 21]
* Carolina bays [http://www.udel.edu/dgs/Publications/pubsonline/SP24.pdf DGS Special Publication 24 shows Carolina Bays in Delaware]

Geological formations of Delaware

* Wissahickon Formation
* Wilmington Complex

References

External links

* [http://www.udel.edu/dgs/ Delaware Geologic Survey]
* [http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/LivingWith/VolcanicPast/Places/volcanic_past_delaware.html Delaware's Volcanic Past]

United States topic
title = Geology of the United States by political division
prefix = Geology of