Congress of Estonia

Estonia

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The Congress of Estonia was an innovative grassroots parliament established in Estonia as a part of the process of regaining of independence from the Soviet Union. It also challenged the power and authority of the pre-existing quasi-parliament in the country, called the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR, which had been imposed on Estonia after Moscow's illegal annexation in 1940. The Congress of Estonia declared that it represented the highest authority on questions of Estonian statehood and citizenship, deriving this authority from the consent and initiative of the citizens of Estonia. The aim of the Congress was to restore Estonian independence based on the principle of legal continuity, with the pre-1940 republic of Estonia, which had been established in 1918, as the foundation.^[1]

Activity

In 1989, independence activists formed a mass movement called the Estonian Citizens' Committees (Estonian: Eesti Kodanike Komiteed) and started registering persons^[2][3] who were Estonian citizens by birth according to the jus sanguinis principle, i.e., persons who held Estonian citizenship in June 1940 (at which point Estonia's de facto structures of state were systematically dismantled and reorganized, after the country had been occupied^[4] by the Soviet Union), and their descendants. People who did not satisfy these criteria were invited to file applications for citizenship. By February 1990, 790,000 citizens and about 60,000 applicants had been registered.

In February 1990, the election of a body of representatives of these citizens - the Congress of Estonia - was conducted by those who had been registered. The Congress had 499 delegates from 31 political parties. The Estonian National Independence Party (Estonian: Eesti Rahvusliku Sõltumatuse Partei, usually abbreviated as ERSP) won the most seats. Other parties represented included the Popular Front of Estonia, the Heritage Society and the Communist Party of Estonia.^[5] The permanent standing committee of the Congress of Estonia - the Committee of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Komitee) - was chaired by Mr. Tunne Kelam.

In September 1991, a Constitutional Assembly was formed of equal numbers of members of the Supreme Soviet and the Congress of Estonia to work out a new Constitution for the Republic. The new constitution was approved by referendum in June 1992, using the constitution replacement process specified in the 1938 constitution as a matter of legal continuity of the Republic of Estonia. Both the Congress of Estonia and the Supreme Soviet dissolved themselves in October 1992, with the swearing-in of the first parliament (Riigikogu) elected under the new constitution in September 1992.

Politics

March 1990 also saw the election of the Estonian Supreme Soviet, the first multi-party national elections in the Estonian SSR. Unlike the previous Soviet, which consisting largely of members of the Communist Party of Estonia, the new Supreme Council, as it had now begun to call itself, was dominated by the Estonian Popular Front.

The main distinctions between the political ideas of the Congress of Estonia and the Supreme Soviet were:^[1]

• The Congress of Estonia stood for the principle of legal continuity of the Republic, in contrast to the "Third Republic" concept (after the First Republic of 1918-1940 and the Soviet Republic of 1940-1991), which was the Supreme Soviet's dominant position;
• The Congress of Estonia, as the Citizens Committees before it, supported continuity in citizenship, as opposed to extending citizenship to all people with residential registrations (called propiska in Russian) in Estonia in 1990 (sometimes called the 'zero option citizenship' or 'clean state citizenship', Estonian: kodakondsuse nullvariant), including more than 300,000 occupation-era migrants from the neighboring Soviet Union.

Opposition on issues of substance between the Congress of Estonia and the Supreme Soviet over the first point was the primary reason that the Supreme Soviet did not "proclaim" or "establish" Estonia's independence during the 1991 August Putsch in Russia, but instead, as a compromise, decided to reaffirm it instead.

In later discussions, the Congress of Estonia prevailed regarding the aforementioned points.

On 24 May 1991, Heinrich Mark, responding to a call made by the Congress, gave Estonian citizenship to all non-citizen applicants who had been registered as such by the Citizens Committees of Estonia.

A small number of the members of the Congress of Estonia were Estonians who had gone into exile during World War II, or children of such refugees. Some of the delegates from the United States commented on the similarity of the Citizens Committees of Estonia and Latvia (in the nineties, the Latvians had an movement analogous to the Estonian committees) to the American Committees of Correspondence, which were shadow governments organized by the patriot leaders of the Thirteen Colonies on the eve of the American Revolution. The American Committees of Correspondence played an important role in the events that led to the formation of the United States of America. ^[6]

Citizenship

After the adoption of the new Constitution in 1992, a new Citizenship Law recognised the citizenship registrations of the Citizens' Committees as the initial legal registry of Estonian citizens. Citizens of the Soviet Union who had filed applications with the Citizens Committees were enabled to be naturalised on the basis of a simplified procedure. By 1996, a total of 23,326 people - over 38% of those who filed a Citizenship Committee application card - had been naturalised by this procedure.^[3][7] Other noncitizens had to pass exams pertaining to the Estonian language, Estonian history, and the Constitution of the Republic of Estonia in order to be naturalised. Alternatively, Russia being a successor state to the Soviet Union, all former USSR citizens qualified for natural-born citizenship of the Russian Federation, available upon request, as provided by the law “On the RSFSR Citizenship” in force up to 2000.^[8]

Later developments

Over the years, the conditions of naturalisation were variously changed. As of May 2007^[update], a naturalisation applicant does not need to pass an exam in Estonian history anymore, but has to show preceding legal residence in Estonian territory (at least 8 years, of which last 5 years must be "continuous", defined as spending at least 183 days of every of these years on Estonian soil) and stable legal income.^[9]

List of notable members

• Jüri Estam
• Tunne Kelam
• Alfred Käärmann
• Lennart Meri
• Linnart Mäll
• Ahti Mänd
• Mart-Olav Niklus
• Kalev Ots
• Ilmar Palias
• Lagle Parek
• Hain Rebas
• Vardo Rumessen
• Ain Saar
• Edgar Savisaar
• Enn Tarto
• Jüri Toomepuu
• Trivimi Velliste

References

1. ^ ^{a b} The Restoration of Estonian Independence
2. ^ Soviet Union Cry Independence - Time magazine - August 21, 1989
3. ^ ^{a b} National minorities in Estonia - Legal Information Centre for Human Rights, April 1998
4. ^ See, for instance, position expressed by European Parliament, which condemned "the fact that the occupation of these formerly independent and neutral States by the Soviet Union occurred in 1940 following the Molotov/Ribbentrop pact, and continues." European Parliament (January 13, 1983). "Resolution on the situation in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania". Official Journal of the European Communities C 42/78. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/80/Europarliament13011983.jpg. 
5. ^ Elections and Referendums in Estonia 1989-1999 - Elections to the Estonian Congress 24.02 - 01.03.1990
6. ^ Assertion based on an unpublished interview with a member of the Congress of Estonia
7. ^ Newsletter Vol. 2, No. 22 - New Data and Statistics Nov. 16-30, 1996 (teia.pu.ru)
8. ^ The Policy of Immigration and Naturalization in Russia: Present State and Prospects, by Sergei Gradirovsky et al.
9. ^ Elektrooniline Riigi Teataja: Kodakondsuse seadus from 2006-07-08 onwards

External links

• Estonia's Way to Freedom
• Independence Reclaimed, August 1991-October 1992