Francisco de Borja Garção Stockler

Francisco de Borja Garção Stockler, 1st Baron of Vila da Praia, (September 25, 1759 – March 6, 1829) was a lieutenant general and the eighth Captain General of the Azores, politician, and mathematician. He was one of the pioneers in differential calculus and one of the most notable historians of mathematics in Portugal.

Biography

He was born in Lisbon, the Portuguese capital. He was the son of Cristiano Stockler, a trader, native of Lisbon, and Margarida Joséfa Rita de Orgiens Garção de Carvalho. His grandfather, born in Hamburg, traces his roots to the historic cities of the Hanseatic League.

On January 3, 1795, Garção Stockler married D. Inês Gertrudes de Mendonça e Moura, daughter of D. João Francisco de Moura, the Customs notary of Lisbon.

Throughout his career, coincident with the Peninsular War, he was a lieutenant general in the Army, secretary and councillor of the Overseas Council ("Conselho Ultramarino"), governor of Algarve and governor and captain general of the Azores, member of the committee formed to draft the Constitutional Charter in 1823, professor of mathematics at the Academia Real de Marinha, deputy of the Board of Directors of the Academia Militar do Rio de Janeiro, secretary of the Academia Real das Ciências de Lisboa and Fellow of the Royal Society of London, among other honours.

Upon a royal decree on September 29, 1823, he was made Baron of Vila da Praia and captain general of the Azores.

Garção Stockler died in Algarve, where he was Governor of Arms at the time, having been appointed by Michael I.

Academic career

He destined his career of arms, he entered the exercise, second in normal of officiality of that time. In 1784 when he was 25 year old and with the patent of captain, enrolled at the University of Coimbra for his mathematics course. He obtained the Bachelor Degree, and he was awarded at the Academia Real de Marinha, where he began his distinct in investigation of the area of limits of differential calculation.

At the Academia Real de Marinha, Garção Stockler was elected member of the Academia Real das Ciências de Lisboa, where began his hard academic labor in which it resulted in many publications, in 1791, his "Memórias da Academia" ("Memories From The Academy"). He published essentially with the theory of limits and with these thematics, he entered vulgarily and designed with differential calculations, made with more recent works and this material was published in Europe.

His academic activity was largely sufficient notoriety for his award for the trade secretary of the academy, he elaborated himself in eulogy of diverse personalities of the same academics and politics, between them were Pascoal José de Melo Freire dos Reis, José Joaquim Soares de Barros e Vasconcelos, Roberto Nunes da Costa, Martinho de Melo e Castro, Bento Sanches de Orta and Guilherme Luís António de Valleré. These historic persons were published for the academy and other of those authors in his "Obras Completas" ("Complete Works") in two volumes, published 1805 and in 1826 respectively).

He wrote about the eulogy of d'Alembert, inspired by a writer with marquess of Condorcet.

His honours rarely conhecides with Portuguese scientists, on April 1, 1819, he was elected a correspondent member or Foreign Member of the Royal Society in London and he was written by others including John Rowley and S. R. Chapman.

=Orange War and the French invasions=

He attended as a commander of the marshall general João Carlos de Bragança Sousa e Ligne, 2nd Duke of Lafões in the campaigns of 1801 against a strong invaders. He was military secretary of the duke, in 1797 and 1801, he made an important paper on operation conductions.

Later on, his work "Cartas ao autor da História Geral da Invasão dos Franceses em Portugal" ("Charters Of The Author On The General History Of The French Invasion In Portugal"), published in 1816 explains on its actions during the French invasion.

In 1807, the French Army commanded by the general Junot entered Portugal for the next several years and he retired for Brazil, he exercised the functions of secretary of the Real Academia das Ciências.

He fought against Junot in the battle of Areia near Belém and entered the action with his navy and pretended to move himself into Brazil.

His accusation of collaborationism with the French Army and the military incompetency in the Orange War campaigns, he wrote "História Geral da Invasão dos Franceses" ("General History Of The French Invasion") by José Acúrsio das Neves, he responded and made a work titled ao autor da História Geral da Invasão dos Franceses em Portugal". The battle on the publication made Stockler published charters on "Investigador Portuguez".

tockler in Rio de Janeiro

In 1812, he left for Brazil and made his reconquering plans, with his quick notable, he was confianced with the prince regent.

Garção Stockler resided himself in Rio de Janeiro, the prince regent John claimed the title John VI, the next king of Portugal. In the name of Academia Real das Ciências de Lisboa, he made a quote and published it in the fourth volume and the first part of the "Memórias da Academia".

For his academic work on mathematics, Garção Stockler made interests in poetry and wrote one, one of them was called "Poesias Lyricas" ("Lyric Poems") featuring Horatian odes, traditional stories and a philosophic poem, "Aves" which was published by the Brazilian poet Sousa Caldas.

In that period with the elaboration of the work "Ensaio histórico sobre a origem e progressos das matemáticas em Portugal" ("Historic Essay On The Origin Of Mathematical Progresses In Portugal", published only in Paris, it was critically favorabls on its studies with José Silvestre Ribeirão with "Resenha de Litteratura Portugueza", volume I, page 16 and more and the article inserted by "Annaes das Sciencias, das Artes e das Letras" ("Annals Of Science, Arts And Letters"f, volume V, pages 138 and 156. This work was objected for reedition and it contains a history of mathematics in Portugal, it was one of the works generally published in Europe.

During his time in Brazil, he was interested in thematic education, sended the author with a study about the creation of public instruction in Brazil, a pioneering project in that country. This project was in interested in education history.

Other of his functions exercised was the deputy of law at the Academia Militar do Rio de Janeiro, together with Wilhelm Ludwig Freiherr von Eschwege, Baron of Eschwege, an important pater on structuration of areas in mathematics and in physics. That military school, created under the royal charter of December 4, 1810, began his activities on April 23, 1811. One of the institutions in the present Brazilian military high school, the [http://www.aman.ensino.eb.br/phistorico.htm Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras] , it was the first engineering school in Brazil.

tocker as Captain General of the Azores

When he was studying in Rio de Janeiro, he succeeded Francisco António de Araújo e Azevedo as governor and captain general of the Azores. He was nominated by John VI on November 12, 1819 as captain general of the Azores. Stockler later returned to Lisbon and in August, he moved to the Azores where he took that position, in which was received by the regency as necessary orders of the governor of that archipelago.

In the beginning of the 1820 Revolution, Stockler returned to Lisbon. In a revolutionary rule in which governed the country received and reconfirmed the trare in which he let his party for the Azores.

He came back to the Azores on October 18, 1820, and significantly at the end of the tyranny of the brigadier Francisco António de Araújo e Azevedo. These parties made hopes on liberal, the reconfirmation on the Junta Suprema and was a signal on proconstitutional ideas, the absolutists convicts and he nominated for John VI against the revolution as a warranty on his adhesion on an absolute king.

Stockler banned himself public contacts with Portugal and worked on all of its administrative expedient and the law system in the Azores and went to Rio de Janeiro and he did not reconhecide legimiity and authority on institutions of Lisbon.

The Azorean liberals began movements on proclamation with the revolutionary what, the constitutionalism of the archipelago. He capitalized the discontent as governor of captain generals with the seat at Terceira. During the a military revolt in Ponta Delgada, he inspired the civil elements and pretended the liberation of the island of São Miguel and moved on to Terceira and created a constitutional regime on that island and proclaimed some independence on the island of the government of Angra.

During the Angra Revolution on April 2, 1821, he left for Amazonas and his converse reinstalled the power of the brigadier Francisco António de Araújo and worked Stockler placing himself in Praia. In that day on April 4, the military connection occurred at the Castelo de São João Baptista do Monte Brasil, the brigadeer and Stockler regained the power. He participated with the secret Sociedade dos Jardineiros (Gardener's Society) between May and August 1821 in Terceira and brought the new legal constitution to the island and encountered a strong opposition against Stockler. This episode resulted in a heroic-comical poem "O X, ou a incógnita", written by Almeida Garrett and concluded allusively the captain general (it was edited posthumously in 1985).

On May 13, 1821, he headed to Terceira in the frigate "Pérola" commanded by Marçal José da Cunha where Stockler became the liberal governor. Stockler made against the intimation and resisted without encountering, on May 15, 1821, a ceremony was held at Angra's municipal hall, with the judges in Angra as it based from the future constitution. Stockler abdicated the governor and the captain general.

The solution was not on Cortes and on July 19, 1822 he embarked on the "Flor do Mar" (The "Flower Of The Sea") with the royal order for Stockler.

He later returned to Lisbon, he made several works under several pseudonyms.

These works under the "Cartas sobre os acontecimentos da ilha Terceira, por um Cidadão imparcial" and "Voz da Verdade".

Lately, the general responded with the name on a folio known as "Notas Críticas" ("Critical Notes"), published in 1922 with Dr. Vicente José Ferreira Cardoso da Costa, with the office which was made by the Count of Arcos.

All these questions, its judicial processes in which it associated, ended with the constitutional government in 1823 in Vilafrancada.

He made several political liberty presses, Stockler made a large renaming. That commission was later extinct and Stockler was named the new governor and captain general of the Azores with the title Baron of Vila da Praia under the decree of September 29, 1823.

He boarded the boat "Princesa de Portugal" ("Princess of Portugal"), Stockler went to Angra on November 17, 1823 where he reassumed several functions.

On July 24, 1824, he returned to the Azores after spending some time in Lisbon from May 14 and the new captain general Manuel Vieira de Albuquerque Tovar

Timeline of Garção Stockler in the Azores

*September 25, 1759 - Francisco de Borja Garção Stockler was born in Lisbon
*July 1820 - Stockler was awarded in Rio de Janeior under John IV of Portugal, the governor and captain general of the Azores
*August 24, 1820- Porto Revolution, began a movement for the elimination of a liberal regime in Portugal
*October 18, 1820 - He boarded with an American gallery in Angra do Heroísmo, the tenant general Francisco de Borja Garção Stockler nominated under John VI, the ninth captain general of the Azores
*March 1, 1821, the Ponta Delgada Constitutional Revolution. A revolt created a constitutional regime in the São Miguel Island and proclaimed partial independence for a short time for Angra
*March 27, 1821 - Stockler published a proclamation of its people in São Miguel condemned the separation of the captain general
*April 2, 1821 - Angra Revolution - A military rule deposed Stockler as governor. Francisco António de Araújo, succeeded Stockler as captain general and taught himself the leader of the movement
*April 3, 1821 - Stockler left for Praia
*April 4, 1821 - A counter-revolt in Angra brought the power to Stockler
*May 13, 1821 - He returned to Angra with the frigate "Pérola", the note from John VI the bases of the future constitution.
*May 15, 1821 - Stockler abdicated the governor and captain general of the island.
*June 20, 1821 - Stockler communicated as a pretender of the government
*July 5, 1821 - John VI returned to Lisbon after leaving exile in Rio de Janeiro
*July 19, 1822 - he brought the royal order for Stockler and exited the island of Terceira with the boat "Flor do Mar" (The "Flower Of The Sea")
*September 23, 1822 - Corets approved the constitution
*October 1, 1822 - John VI signed the constitution
*September 29, 1823 - John VI made Stockler the title Baron of Vila da Praia and renamed himself as captain general of the Azores again
*November 13, 1823 - Stockler visited Ponta Delgada and made the new military governor of the island of São Miguel.
*November 17, 1823 - Stockler left for Angra and boarded the boat "Princesa de Portugal" ("Princess of Portugal").
*May 14, 1823 - the child Michael went to exile.
*July 24, 1824 - Manuel Vieira de Albuquerque Touvar became the tenth captain general of the Azores
*April 29, 1826 - Dom Pedro decreed the Constitutional Charter
*March 6, 1829 - He died in Algarve as tenant general Francisco de Borja Garção Stockler, first Baron of Vila da Praia.

On May 12, 1824] , he returned to Lisbon and reversed the political situation and the little Michael left for exile. Stockler did not accept apparently with the influence of count of Subserra, a Terceirense which succeeded the ministry of John VI.

On July 24, 1824, he returned to the Azores with the new captain general Manuel Vieria de Albuquerque Touvar and deposed Stockler.

His removal from the academy and nomination of the Governor of Algarve

In the end of July 1824, Stockler returned to Lisbon. In 1825, he offered himself the academy with his work "Método inverso dos limites ou desenvolvimento das funções algorítmicas" ("Inverse Methods On Limits Of Dissolving Of Algorithmic Functions"). One more time, the academics in which he disfavoured the publication of the work. The third time, he rejected and Stockler solicited the academy and was dismissed form the society and imprinted the work.

In 1826, he published the second volume of his completed works, principally and imprinted the academic typography, the first in 1905 with the impression on the French invasion.

In 1827, he debated in Portugal several constitutional questions, Stockler wrote "Elementos de Direito Social ou Princípios de Direito Natural que devem servir de base à constituição das sociedades civis".

By King Michael of Portugal, he was affirmed with his law, he was nominated governor of arms of the old province of Algarve, he died on March 6, 1829.

Publications

Garção Stockler was the author of volumous works on mathematics, and gained fame and was nominated as a correspondent at the Royal Society in London, the history of politisa. The latest area involves warlike accesses, published numerous auto-justificated texts along with his pseudonym, others in name of his son António Nicolau de Moura Stockler. The absolutist connotation of Stockler brought an implantation of liberalism on his work and wrote "Ensaio histórico sobre a origem e progressos das matemáticas em Portugal"

*Mathematics:
**"Compêndio da teoria dos limites, ou introdução ao método das fluxões", Lisbon, 1794;
**"Memórias sobre os verdadeiros princípios do método das fluxões"
**"Demonstração do teorema de Newton sobre a soma das potencias das raízes das equações"
**"Lettre a Mr. le Redacteur du "Monthly Review" ou "Réponse aux objections qu'on a faites dans ce journal à la methode des limites des fluxions hypothétiques", London, 1800
**"Carta a Anton Felkel acerca do seu método para determinar os factores dos números naturais"
**"Memória sobre as equações de condição das funções fluxionais" ("Memories On The Equations Of The Condition Of Fluctional Functions")
**"Lição duodécima dos elementos de Geometria, a qual tem por título das correlações que existem entre as operações elementares da technia geométrica e da technia algébrica", Lisboa, 1819
**"Memória sobre algumas propriedades das coeficientes dos termos do binómio de Newton"
**"Método inverso dos limites ou desenvolvimento das funções algorítmicas" ("Inverse Memories On Limits On Involvement Of Algorithmic Functions"), Lisbon, 1825.
* Mathematical History:
**"Ensaio histórico sobre a origem e progressos das matemáticas em Portugal" ("Historic Essay On The Orogin And The Progress Of Mathematics In Portugal"), Paris, 1819 ( [VII] , 168, [1] p. ; 21 cm).
*Poesia e literatura:
**"Breve notícia da vida e obras de Francisco Dias Gomes", inserta como prefácio das "Obras Poéticas" de Francisco Dias Gomes, published by the Academia Real das Ciências de Lisboa
**"Poesias lyricas" ("Lyric Poems") - a volume that contains 18 Horatian odes, 12 traditional sonts, and a song on philosophical poem "Aves" by the Brazilian poet Sousa Caldas
**"Anotações e aditamentos às obras do Padre António Pereira de Sousa Caldas", published in London.
*Warlike And Political Essays:
**"Obras Completas" ("Completed Works"), volume I, Lisboa, 1805;
**"Obras Completas" ("Completed Works"), volume II, Lisboa, 1826;
**"Cartas ao autor da História Geral da Invasão dos Franceses em Portugal" ("Charte On The Author Of The General History Of The French Invasion On Portugal"), Rio de Janeiro, 1813;
**"Discurso dirigido em nome da Academia Real das Sciencias a S.M. o Senhor D. João VI, por occasião da sua exaltação ao throno", Rio de Janeiro, 1813
**"Memória à Academia Real das Ciências de Lisboa onde se demonstra a primazia dos descobrimentos portugueses no século XV";
**"Elementos de Direito Social, ou princípios de Direito natural, que devem servir de base á constituição das sociedades civis"
**"Análise da Memória publicada pelo Dr. José Martins da Cunha Pessoa" ("Analysis Of The Published Memories About Dr. José Martins da Cunha Pessoa"), published under his son's name and republished in 1816 in Rio e Janeiro
**"Memorial dirigido ao Il.mo Sr. Luiz Manuel de Moura Cabral, desembargador da Casa da Suplicação, ilustrado com algumas notas", Lisbon, 1822;
**"Cartas sobre os acontecimentos da ilha Terceira, por um Cidadão imparcial" (1st, 2nd and 3rd, all written under his son's name, António Nicolau de Moura Stockler in which he was 17 at that time);
**"Nota ao n.º 75 do Campeão Lisbonense por um Amigo do general;
**"Observações ou notas ilustrativas do folheto intitulado «Voz da Verdade provada por documentos»"
**"Carta sobre o n.º 2 do folheto intitulado a «Voz da Verdade»", (escrita em nome do filho)"
**"Análise crítica ao libelo famoso intitulado «Notícia resumida dos acontecimentos da ilha Terceira na instalação do seu governo constitucional»" (escrita em nome do filho)"

References

*Francisco de Ataíde Machado de Faria e Maia, "Capitães-Generais (1766-1831)" ("Captain Generals (1766-1831)", Instituto Cultural de Ponta Delgada (Potna Delgada Cultural Institute"), Ponta Delgada, 1943 (reedited in 1988).
*Luís M. Ribeiro Saraiva, "Garção Stockler and the first history of mathematics in Portugal", Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences (French for "International Arhcives Of History Of Science"), 42 (1992) 76-86.
*Luís Manuel Ribeiro Saraiva, "On the First History of Portuguese Mathematics", Historia Mathematica, 20 (1993) 415-427.
*Ricardo Manuel Madruga da Costa, "Os Açores em finais do regime de Capitania Geral (1800-1820)" ("The Azores At The End Of The Regime Of The Captain General"), 2 volumes, Núcleo Cultural da Horta ("Horta Cultural Nucleus"), Horta, 2005.

Persondata
NAME = de Borja Garção Stockler, Francisco, 1st Baron of Vila da Praia
ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
SHORT DESCRIPTION =
DATE OF BIRTH = September 25, 1759
PLACE OF BIRTH = Lisbon, Portugal
DATE OF DEATH = March 6, 1829
PLACE OF DEATH = Algarve, Portugal