José Vasconcelos

José Vasconcelos Calderón (February 28 1882, Oaxaca, Oaxaca – June 30 1959, Mexico City) was a Mexican writer, philosopher and politician of Native American and Portuguese ancestry. He married Serafina Miranda of Tlaxiaco in the state of Oaxaca in 1906. He is one of the most influential personalities in the development of modern Mexico.

Life

Because of his father's work, during his youth he lived in Pocahontas, Arkansas. After graduating as a pilot from the Escuela de Jurisprudencia in Mexico City (1905), he represented the Anti-Reelection Club in Washington, D.C., USA, and supported the Mexican Revolution of 1910 headed by Francisco I. Madero. When Madero was democratically elected president of Mexico, Vasconcelos led a structural change at the National Preparatory School, where he changed the scholar programs, breaking with the positivistic influence. After Madero's assassination, promoted by the US ambassador Henry Lane Wilson, Vasconcelos organized a democratic movement in order to defeat the military regime of Victoriano Huerta. Soon after, he was exiled in Paris, where he met Julio Torri, Doctor Atl, Gabriele D'Annunzio and other intellectuals and artists of that time.

After the National Convention of 1914, Vasconcelos was elected minister of education during the brief presidential period of Eulalio Gutiérrez. Later, after a brief period of exile in the United States following a disagreement with Venustiano Carranza (1915–20), he returned and directed the National University of Mexico (1920) and created the Ministry of Public Education (SEP), in 1921.

He served as the first Secretary of Public Education under Álvaro Obregón (1920–25). He resigned in 1924 because of his opposition to President Plutarco Elías Calles. From that position he worked in favour of the education of the masses and oriented the nation's education efforts along secular, civic, and pan-American "(americanista)" lines. He ran for president in 1929 but lost to Pascual Ortiz Rubio in a controversial election process and again left the country. He later directed the National Library (1940) and presided over the Mexican Institute of Hispanic Culture (1948).

Philosophical thought

His first writings on philosophy are passionated reactions against the formal, positivistic education at the National Preparatory School, formerly under the influence of porfirian thinkers like Justo Sierra and Gabino Barreda.

A second period of productivity was fed by a first disappointment in the political field, after Madero's murder. Then he wrote, in 1919, a long essay on Pythagorism, as a dissertation on the links between harmony and rhythm, and its eventual explanation into a frame of aesthetic monism. As he argued that only by the means of rhythm the human being is able to know the world without any intermediation, he proposed that the minimal aspects of cognition are conditioned by a degree of sympathy with the natural "vibration" of things. In this manner, he thought that the auditive categories of knowledge were much higher than the visual ones.

During a later period, Vasconcelos developed the argumentation of a new study on the mixing of races, as a natural and desirable inertia of the humankind. This work, known as La raza cósmica ("The Cosmic Race"), would eventually contribute to further studies on ethnic values as an ethic power, and for the consideration of ethnic variety as aesthetic source. Finally, between 1931 and 1940 he tried to consolidate his proposals by publishing his main topics organized in three capital works: "Metaphisics", "Ethics" and "Aesthetics".

Influence

His research on the nature of Mexican modern identity had a direct influence in the young writers, poets, anthropologists and philosophers who wrote on this subject. He also influenced the point of view of Carlos Pellicer about several aesthetic assumptions reflected in his books. Together, he and Vasconcelos made a trip through Middle East (1928-29), looking for the "spiritual basis" of the Byzantine architecture.

Other works, particularly "La raza cósmica" and "Metafísica", had a decisive influence in Octavio Paz's "El laberinto de la soledad," with anthropologic and aesthetic implications. Paz wrote that Vasconcelos was "the teacher", who educated hundreds of young Latin American intellectuals (during his many trips to Central and South America). Vasconcelos was guest lecturer at Columbia University and Princeton University, but his influence on the U.S. new generations was gradually less significant. Nevertheless, his work "La raza cósmica" was used by Chicano and Mexican-American movements since the 1970s, claiming for the establishment of a new culture in the American Southwest, based on their Mexican ancestry.

Contributions to the arts and education

Thanks to José Vasconcelos, the National Symphonic Orchestra (1920) and the Symphonic Orchestra of Mexico (1928) were officially Diego Rivera and David Alfaro Siqueiros, giving them the inner walls of the most important public buildings in Mexico, helping to the muralistic movement.

Quotations

"... the leaders of the Latin American independence ... strived to free the slaves, declared the equality of all men by natural law; the social and civic equality of whites, blacks and indians. In an instant of historical crisis, they formulated the transcendental mission assigned to that region of the Globe: the mission of fusing ethnically and spiritually the peoples." ("La raza cósmica", 1948)

"Each of the great nations of History has believed to be the final and chosen one. [...] The Hebrews founded the belief in their superiority on oracles and divine promises. The English found theirs on observations relative to domestic animals. From the observation of cross-breeding and hereditary varieties in such animals, Darwinism emerged. First, as a modest zoological theory, then as social biology that confers definitive preponderance to the English above all races. Every imperialism needs a justifying philosophy". ("La raza cósmica", 1948)

"Hitler, although he disposes of absolute power, finds himself a thousand leagues from Caesarism. Power does not come to Hitler from the military base, but from the book that inspires the troops from the top. Hitler's power is not owed to the troops, nor the battalions, but to his own discussions... Hitler represents, ultimately, an idea, the German idea, so often humiliated previously by French militarism and English perfidy. Truthfully, against Hitler we find civilian governed 'democracies' fighting. But they are democracies in name only". ("La Inteligencia se impone", "Timon" 16, June 8, 1940)

Philosophical publications

*"Pitágoras" (1919)
*"El monismo estético" (1919)
*"La Raza Cósmica" (1925)
*"Indología" (1926)
*"Metafísica" (1929)
*"Pesimismo alegre" (1931)
*"Estética" (1936)
*"Ética" (1939)
*"Historia del pensamiento filosófico" (1937)
*"Lógica orgánica" (1945)

Other works

*"Teoría dinámica del derecho" (1907)
*"La intelectualidad mexicana" (1916)
*"Ulises criollo" (1935)
*"La tormenta" (1936)
*"Breve Historia de México" (1937)
*"El desastre" (1938)
*"El proconsulado" (1939)
*"El ocaso de mi vida" (1957)

ee also

*Vasconcelos, José, "La Raza Cósmica."

Further reading

* Bar Lewaw, Itzhak. "Introducción Crítico-Biografía a José Vasconcelos". Madrid: Ediciones Latinoamericanas, 1965.

* ---. "José Vasconcelos". México: Clásica Selecta Editora Libreria, 1965.

* Carballo, Emmanuel. "Diecinueve protagonistas de la literatura mexicana del siglo XX". México: Empresas Editoriales, SA, 1965; see especially. 17-47.

* De Beer, Gabriela. "El ateneo y los atenistas: un examen retrospectivo". "Revista Iberoamericana" 148-149, Vol 55 (1989): 737-749.

* Molloy, Sylvia. "First Memories, First Myths: Vasconcelos' "Ulises criollo". En "At Face Value: Autobiographical Writing in Spanish America". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991, pp. 186-208.

* Ward, Thomas. "José Vasconcelos y su cosmomología de la raza". En "La resistencia cultural: la nación en el ensayo de las Américas". Lima: Editorial Universitaria URP, 2004, pp. 246-254.

External links

* [http://www.britannica.com/ebi/article-9339382 Encyclopedia - Britannica Online Encyclopedia ] at www.britannica.com
* [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/utlac/00061/lac-00061.html José Vasconcelos An Inventory to His Manuscripts at the Benson Latin American Collection ] at www.lib.utexas.edu