- Therapeutic ultrasound
Therapeutic ultrasound refers generally to any type of procedure that uses
ultrasound fortherapeutic benefit. This includesHIFU ,lithotripsy , targeted ultrasound drug delivery, trans-dermal ultrasound drug delivery, ultrasoundhemostasis , and ultrasound assistedthrombolysis . [ [http://www.acoustics.org/press/135th/crum.htm Therapeutic Ultrasound: A Promising Future in Clinical Medicine] ]Physical Therapy
Therapeutic ultrasound in physical therapy is a relatively low intensity technique that uses high-frequency sound waves (
ultrasound ) to speed healing in injured joint or muscle tissue. The frequency used is typically 1 to 3 MHz. At this frequency, the waves tend to travel through tissue with high water or lowprotein content, and to bounce off cartilage and bone. They are absorbed primarily by connective tissue: ligaments, tendons, and fascia (and also by scar tissue). [ [http://www.electrotherapy.org/electro/ultrasound/therapeutic_ultrasound.htm Watson, T. (2006). "Therapeutic Ultrasound".] (see [http://www.electrotherapy.org/electro/downloads/Therapeutic%20Ultrasound.pdf here] for a pdf version with the author and date information)]Therapeutic ultrasound may have two types of benefit: Thermal effects involve energy absorbed from the sound waves heating the tissue. If the tissue is heated to 40 to 45 °C (104 to 113 °F), it can enter a state of
hyperaemia (increased blood flow), which speeds healing and reduces chronic inflammation; Cavitational effects result from the vibration of the tissue causing microscopic air bubbles to form, which transmit the vibrations in a way that directly stimulates cell membranes. This physical stimulation appears to enhance the cell-repair effects of the inflammatory response. [Wilkin, H. D., et al. (2004). Influence of Therapeutic Ultrasound on Skeletal Muscle Regeneration Following Blunt Contusion. "International Journal of Sports Medicine, 25, "73-77.]Therapeutic ultrasound is sometimes recommended for muscle as well as joint pain, although some evidence suggests it may not be effective for this purpose.
Ultrasound drug delivery
Ultrasound has been used in various drug delivery applications to enhance the delivery of pharmaceuticals to target tissues (
Acoustic Targeted Drug Delivery ). Ultrasound been shown to facilitate the delivery of drugs across the skin, promote gene therapy to specific tissues, deliver chemotherapeutic drugs into tumours and deliver thrombolytic drugs into blood clots. In addition, ultrasound has also been shown to facilitate the healing of wounds and bone fractures. [ [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&uid=15738980&cmd=showdetailview&indexed=google Healing sound: the use of ultrasound in drug delivery and other therapeutic applications. -Mitragotri S."] ]Therapeutic ultrasound convection enhanced delivery
Effects of exposure to 1.58MHz focused ultrasound on transport of drug in soft tissues are enhanced when an external pressure gradient is applied to induce convective flow through the tissue. Drug uptake and transport have been measured in equine brain, avian muscle and agarose brain-mimicking phantoms. Preliminary results show that ultrasound enhances drug uptake and transport, and the greatest enhancement occurs when the external pressure gradient is applied. Scientists believe that exposure of the brain parenchyma to ultrasound could enhance penetration ofmaterial infused into the brain during convection enhanced delivery therapy. [ [http://www.aip.org/"Therapeutic Ultrasound Enhancement of DrugDelivery to Soft Tissues- George Lewis Jr. et al.] ]
Therapeutic ultrasound and brain cancer
Doctors often treat brain cancers with a combination of radiation therapy and surgery—basically removing part of the skull and excising the tumor. When tumors are surgically removed, doctors will often implant a thin, drug-encapsulated wafer before replacing the skull that diffuses chemotherapy agent over time to help ensure that no remaining tumor cells survive. [ [http://www.acoustics.org/press/154th/lewis.html"Acoustic chemotherapy delivery for brain cancer - Lewis Jr. et al.] ]
This approach is too often unsuccessful, and brain cancers like neuroblastomas and neurofibromatosis remain the leading cause of cancer-related death in people under the age of 35. Part of the problem may be that cancerous cells migrate beyond the range of the slowly diffusing drugs. [ [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-11/aiop-hou110607.php" Acoustics and brain cancer - Acoustical Society of America"] ]
Therapeutic ultrasound or
Acoustic Targeted Drug Delivery is currently being studied to enhance the success of chemotherapy treatments to brain cancer cells. Scientists are using Therapeutic Ultrasound to increase the distribution of chemical dye agents into brain tissue, to help brain tissue absorb chemotherapy drugs faster. Researchers have found that the use of Therapeutic Ultrasound enhances the chemotherapy delivery and also reduces the time necessary for the drug to work. [ [http://www.ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?isnumber=4400869&arnumber=4400886&count=67&index=16" A phantom feasibility study of acoustic enhanced drug perfusion in neurological tissue- Lewis Jr. et al."] ]It is believed that when focused ultrasound is applied to the brain it agitates the tissues matrices causing enhanced permeability for the drug, and by mechanically pushing it with radiation forces where the acoustical waves are focused. The drugs can then spread further and faster into the tissues than by unassisted diffusion alone. Doctors and scientists hope to use these techniques to increase the effectiveness of chemotherapy as well as reduce the time it takes for the drugs to work in a given patient (e.g., to reach the cancerous brain tissue quickly and before the cells can migrate and regenerate). [ [http://scitation.aip.org/vsearch/servlet/VerityServlet?KEY=ASADL&smode=strresults&sort=rel&maxdisp=25&threshold=0&pjournals=ARLOFJ%2CJASMAN%2CNOCOAN%2CSOUCAU%2CPMARCW%2CASASTR&possible1=george+lewis&possible1zone=article&OUTLOG=NO&viewabs=JASMAN&key=DISPLAY&docID=1&page=0&chapter=0" Acoustic targeted drug delivery in neurological tissue - Lewis Jr. et al."] ]
References
External links
* [http://www.electrotherapy.org/electro/ultrasound/therapeutic_ultrasound.htm Watson, T. (2006). "Therapeutic Ultrasound".] (see [http://www.electrotherapy.org/electro/downloads/Therapeutic%20Ultrasound.pdf here] for a pdf version with the author and date information)
* [http://www.istus.org/istu/index.asp International Society for Therapeutic Ultrasound]
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
