- Indium chalcogenides
The indium chalcogenides include all compounds of
indium with thechalcogen elements,oxygen ,sulfur ,selenium andtellurium . (Polonium is excluded as little is known about its compounds with indium). The best characterised compounds are the In(III) and In(II) chalcogenides e.g. the sulfides In2S3 and InS. This group of compounds has attracted a lot of research attention because they include semiconductors,photovoltaics andphase-change materials . In many applications indium chalcogenides are used as the basis of ternary and quaternary compounds such asindium tin oxide , ITO andcopper indium gallium selenide , CIGS.
Some compounds that were reported and have found their way into text books have not been substantiated by later researchers. The list of compounds below shows compounds that have been reported, and those compounds that have not had their structure determined, or whose existence has not been confirmed by the latest structural investigations, are in italics.There are a lot of compounds, the reason for this being that indium can be present as
*In3+ ,oxidation state +3
*In+,oxidation state +1
*In24+ units,oxidation state of +2, also found in someindium halides , e.g. In2Br3.
*non linear In35+ units isoelectronic with Hg32+.The compound In2Te5 is apolytelluride containing the Te32− unit.
None of the indium chalcogenides can be described simply as ionic in nature, they all involve a degree of covalent bonding. However in spite of this it is useful to formulate the compounds in ionic terms to get an insight into how the structures are built up. Compounds almost invariably have multiple polymorphs, that is they can crystallise in slightly different forms depending on either the method of production, or the substrate upon which they are deposited. Many of the compounds are made up of layers, and it is the different ways that the layers are stacked that is a cause of polymorphism.In2O, In2Se
:In2O is well documented. It exists in the gaseous phase and there are numerous reports of small amounts detected in the solid phase but no definitive structure has been published. It is now believed that the compound described as In2Se was actually a sample of In4Se3. ["The crystal structure of tetraindium triselenide" J. H. C. Hogg, H. H. Sutherland and D. J. Williams Acta Cryst. (1973). B29, 1590-1593 doi|10.1107/S0567740873005108"]
In4S3, In4Se3, In4Te3
:In4S3 had been reported but has more recently been re-investigated and is now believed not to exist. Both In4Se3 and In4Te3 are similar black crystalline solids and have been formulated to contain a non linear In35+ unit that is isoelectronic with Hg32+. For example the selenide is formulated as In+ In35+ 3Se2
− . ["In4Te3 und In4Se3: Neubestimmung der Kristallstrukturen, druckabhängiges Verhalten und eine Bemerkung zur Nichtexistenz von In4S3." U. Schwarz, H. Hillebrecht, H.J. Deiseroth, R. Walther Z. Krist. 210, 342-347 (1995)]In5S4
:A reinvestigation showed that the original sample was actually SnIn4S4. [ "In5S4 = SnIn4S4 : Eine Korrektur!"H.J. Deiseroth, H. Pfeifer Z. Krist. 196, 197-205 (1991) ]
InS, InSe, InTe
;InS, InSe:InS and InSe are similar, both contain In24+ and have a layer structure. InS for instance can be formulated In24+ 2S2
− . InSe has two crystal forms β-InSe and γ-InSe that differ only in the way that the layers are stacked. InSe is asemiconductor and a phase change material and has potential as an optical recording medium ["Phase-change recording medium that enables ultra high-density electron-beam data storage" G. A. Gibson, A. Chaiken, K. Nauka, C. C. Yang, R. Davidson, A. Holden R. Bicknell, B. S Yeh, J. Chen, H. Liao, S. Subramanian, D. Schut J. Jasinski and Z. Liliental-Weber Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 051902 (2005), doi|10.1063/1.1856690] .;InTe:InTe in contrast to InS and InSe is a mixed valence indium compound containing In+ and In3+ and can be formulated as In+ In3+ 2Te2− . It is similar to TlSe and has tetrahedral InTe4 units that share edges. It has potential for use in photovoltaic devices. ["Grown of InTe films by close spaced vapor transport" M. Zapata-Torres, J.L. Peña, Y. P. Mascarenhas, R. Castro-Rodríguez, M. Meléndez-Lira, O. Calzadilla Superficies y Vacío 13, 69-71, Diciembre 2001 ]In6S7, In6Se7
:These compounds are isostructural, and have been formulated with indium in 3 different oxidation states, +1, +2 and +3. They have been formulated as e.g. In+ In24+ 3In3+ 7S2
− . The indium – indium bond length in the In2 units are 2.741 A (sulfide), 2.760 (selenide). [ "The crystal structure of In6Se7" J.H.C. Hogg Acta Cryst. (1971). B27, 1630 doi|10.1107/S056774087100445X ] [The crystal structure of In6S7 J. H. C. Hogg and W. J. Duffin Acta Cryst. (1967). 23, 111-118, doi|10.1107/S0365110X6700221X] In6S7 is an n-type semiconductor. ["On the conduction mechanism and thermoelectric phenomena in In6S7 layer crystals" G. A. Gamal Crystal Research and Technology 32, 5 , 723 – 731, doi|10.1002/crat.2170320517 ]In3Te4
:This compound has been reported as a superconductor ["Superconductivity of Intermetallic Compounds with NaCl-Type and Related Structures" S. Geller and G. W. Hull, Jr. Phys. Rev. Lett. 13, 127 – 29 (1964) doi|10.1103/PhysRevLett.13.127 ] . An unusual structure has been proposed ["The ordered state of In3Te4"T. Karakostas, N. F. Flevaris, N. Vlachavas, G. L. Bleris and N. A. Economou Acta Cryst. (1978). A34, 123-126 doi|10.1107/S0567739478000224 ] that is effectively In4Te4 but with one quarter of the indium positions vacant. There seems to be no short indium-indium distance that would indicate an In-In unit.
In7Te10
:This is formulated as In24+ 12In3+ 20Te2-. The In-In distance is 276.3pm. It has a similar structure to Ga7Te10 and Al7Te10 ["The Crystal Structures of Heptagallium- and Heptaindiumdecatellurides": Ga7Te10 and In7Te10 H.J. Deiseroth, H.D. Müller Z. Krist. (1995) 210, 57-58]
In2S3, In2Se3, In2Te3
;In2S3:
Indium(III) sulfide is a yellow or red high melting solid. It is an n-type semiconductor.;In2Se3:Indium(III) selenide is a black compound with potential photo-optic applications.;In2Te3:
Indium(III) telluride is a black high melting solid with applications as a semiconductor and in photo-optic applications. It has two crystalline forms, α- and β-.In3Te5
:This was reported in phase studies in 1964 but its structure has not been confirmed.
In2Te5
:This is a
polytelluride compound and the structure is made up of layers that in turn are made up of chains of linked InTe4 tetrahedra where three of the Te atoms are bridging. There are Te atoms separate from the chains. The compound has been formulated as (2In3+ Te2− Te32− )n counterbalanced with separate Te2− ions. The structure is similar to Al2Te5. ["Die Pentatelluride M2Te5 (M=Al, Ga, In) Polymorphie, Strukturbeziehungen und Homogenitätsbereiche" Deiseroth H. J., Amann P., Thurn H. Z für anorg und allgem Chemie, 622, 6, 985]General references
* [http://www.webelements.com/ WebElements]
*Greenwood&EarnshawFootnotes
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