Sakai Tadakiyo

Sakai Tadakiyo (酒井忠清)(1624-1681), also known as Uta-no-kami,Bodart-Bailey, Beatrice. (1999). [http://books.google.com/books?id=H2xdLbvCR6sC&pg=PA541&vq=ogasawara&dq=sado+no+kami+nagashige&source=gbs_search_s&sig=IGOa1Y9xBAEbDX62osoo70iKy4U#PPA442,M1 "Kaempfer's Japan: Tokugawa Culture Observed," p. 442.] ] was a "daimyō" (feudal lord) in Kōzuke Province, and a high-ranking government advisor and official in the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan.Sansom, George. (1963). [http://books.google.com/books?id=Oul3FkdYxR0C&dq=george+bailey+sansom&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 "A History of Japan: 1615-1867," pp. 54.] ]

The Sakai were identified as one of the "fudai" or insider "daimyō" clans which were hereditary vassels or allies of the Tokugawa clan,Alpert, Georges. (1888). [http://books.google.com/books?id=CSUNAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ancien+japon+georges+appert&lr=#PPA76,M1 "Ancien Japon," pp. 76] -77.] in contrast with the "tozama" or outsider clans.

akai clan genealogy

Tadakiyo was part of the senior branch of the Sakai.

The "fudai" Sakai clan originated in 14th century Mikawa province.Appert, Georges "et al." (1888). [http://books.google.com/books?id=CSUNAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ancien+japon+georges+appert&lr=#PPA76,M1 "Ancien Japon," p. 76.] ] The Sakai claim descent from Minamoto Arichika. Arichika had two sons: one of them, Yasuchika, took the name Matsudaira; and the other son, Chikauji, took the name Sakai -- and this samuari ancestor is the progenitor of this clan's name.Papinot, Jacques. (2003). [http://www.unterstein.net/Toyoashihara-no-Chiaki-Nagaioaki-no-Mitsuho-no-Kuni/NobiliaireJapon.pdf "Nobiliare du Japon" -- Sakai, pp. 50] -51; Papinot, Jacques Edmond Joseph. (1906). "Dictionnaire d’histoire et de géographie du Japon." (in French/German).]

Sakai Hirochika, who was the son of Chikauji, had two sons, and their descendants gave rise to the two main branches of the Sakai clan. Hirochika's younger son, Sakai Masachika, served several Tokugawa clan leaders -- Nobutada, Kiyoyasu and Hirotada; and in 1561, Masachika was made master of Nishio Castle in Mikawa. [see above] ]

Sakai Sigetada, who was the sun of Masachika, received the fief of Kawagoe Domain in Musashi province in 1590; and then in 1601, Sigetada was transferred to Umayabashi Domain in Kōzuke province.Papinot, [http://www.unterstein.net/Toyoashihara-no-Chiaki-Nagaioaki-no-Mitsuho-no-Kuni/NobiliaireJapon.pdf p. 51.] ]

In 1749, the descendants of Tadakiyo were transferred to Himeji Domain (150,000 "koku") in Harima province , where they continued to live up through the Meiji Restoration. [see above] ]

The head of this clan line was ennobled as a "Count" in the Meiji period. [see above] ]

Events in Tadakiyo's life

Tadayiko served under Shogun Tokugawa Ietsuna as one of the "Rōjū" (chief advisor) from 1653-1666, and then as "Tairō", head of the "Rōjū" council, from 1666-1680. [see above] ]

Generally regarded today as self-indulgent and corrupt, his policies (or lack thereof) are generally said to have been responsible for initiating the shift to hedonism, and debauchery which characterized the Genroku era (1688-1704). Though a Golden Age for the arts, this era was regarded by the following generation of officials as one of immorality, impropriety, and excessive extravagance.Sansom, [http://books.google.com/books?id=Oul3FkdYxR0C&pg=PA54&vq=Tadakiyo&dq=george+bailey+sansom&source=gbs_search_r&cad=1_1&sig=v_vl96q9SF2kiMIIqoT0DfIBchc#PPA63,M1 p. 63.] ]

By the time Tadakiyo became head of the "Rōjū" in 1666, most of the capable and stalwart politicians who might have opposed him, such as Matsudaira Nobutsuna had died. Abe Tadaaki remained as his only significant critic, until his death in 1671. Tadaaki constantly rebuked Tadakiyo for his poor sense of proper policy, and his laidback nature. He accused Tadakiyo of taking bribes, and of handling situations on a case-by-case basis, without any sense of overall policy or progress towards a goal. Tadakiyo was also criticized by a number of "daimyō", including a member of the Ikeda clan of Okayama Province, who warned of poor conditions and discontent in the provinces, and the threat of peasant revolt. [see above] ]

From 1658 to 1674, Tadakiyo took a personal interest in the affairs of the Date clan of Sendai, and particularly in the Date Disturbance, a now-famous succession dispute within the clan over leadership of the family and the role of "daimyō". Tadakiyo was friendly with the former "daimyō" of the clan, Date Tadamune, whose son Date Tsunamune, was arrested in 1660, and forced to retire from his post on accusations of drunkenness and debauchery. The regents who governed over his successor, Tsunamune's infant son Date Tsunamura, were then accused in turn of corruption and poor government. This element of the affair dragged out for ten years before Tadakiyo summoned the key parties involved to Edo in order to conduct a formal inquiry; this ultimately ended in the death of one Sendai retainer at the hands of another, who was in turn cut down by the "Tairō's" guards. [Sansom, [http://books.google.com/books?id=Oul3FkdYxR0C&pg=PA54&vq=Tadakiyo&dq=george+bailey+sansom&source=gbs_search_r&cad=1_1&sig=v_vl96q9SF2kiMIIqoT0DfIBchc#PPA67,M1 p. 63] -67.]

Some historians believe that Tadakiyo could have, and should have, seen the entire affair to an end years earlier, and judge it likely therefore that he was taking bribes from Tsunamura's regents, who sought to draw out the situation and avoid any action being taken against them. [Sansom, [http://books.google.com/books?id=Oul3FkdYxR0C&pg=PA54&vq=Tadakiyo&dq=george+bailey+sansom&source=gbs_search_r&cad=1_1&sig=v_vl96q9SF2kiMIIqoT0DfIBchc#PPA67,M1 p. 67.] ]

When Shogun Ietsuna died in 1680, Tadakiyo suggested that his successor be chosen from the princely houses of the Imperial family. This reportedly infuriated "Rōjū" Hotta Masatoshi, who had been appointed the previous year, and who vehemently objected to this obvious attempt on Tadakiyo's part to seize power for himself; "Rōjū" and "Tairō" wielded significant power, but were not meant to control shogunal succession, as this would also imply the ability to gain power over the shogun himself. Tadakiyo resigned his post, and Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, Ietsuna's younger brother, was installed the following day, appointing Masatoshi as Tadakiyo's successor as "Tairō". Tadakiyo died the following year. [Sansom, [http://books.google.com/books?id=Oul3FkdYxR0C&pg=PA54&vq=Tadakiyo&dq=george+bailey+sansom&source=gbs_search_r&cad=1_1&sig=v_vl96q9SF2kiMIIqoT0DfIBchc#PPA68,M1 p. 68.] ]

Notes

References

* Appert, Georges and H. Kinoshita. (1888). [http://books.google.com/books?id=HYc_AAAAMAAJ&dq=ancien+japon&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 "Ancien Japon."] Tokyo: Imprimerie Kokubunsha.
* Bodart-Bailey, Beatrice M. (1999). [http://books.google.com/books?id=H2xdLbvCR6sC&dq=ogasawara+nagashige&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 "Kaempfer's Japan: Tokugawa Culture Observed."] Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 10-ISBN 0-824-82066-5
* Frederic, Louis (2002). "Sakai Tadakiyo." [http://books.google.com/books?id=y0zGAAAACAAJ&dq=Japan+Encyclopedia&source=gbs_book_other_versions_r&cad=0_2 "Japan Encyclopedia."] Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 10-ISBN 0-674-00770-0; 13-ISBN 978-0-674-00770-3 (cloth) -- 10-ISBN 0-674-01753-6; 13-ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5 (paper)
* Papinot, Jacques Edmund Joseph. (1906) "Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie du japon." Tokyo: Librarie Sansaisha. [http://www.unterstein.net/Toyoashihara-no-Chiaki-Nagaioaki-no-Mitsuho-no-Kuni/NobiliaireJapon.pdf ..Click link for digitized 1906 "Nobiliaire du japon" (2003)]
* Plutschow, Herbert. (1995). [http://books.google.com/books?id=fNQjDQ-mWYgC&dq=sakai+tadayuki&lr=&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 "Japan's Name Culture: The Significance of Names in a Religious, Political and Social Context."] London: Routledge. 10-ISBN 1-873-41003-4; 13-ISBN 978-1-873-41042-4 (cloth)
* Sansom, George. (1963). [http://books.google.com/books?id=Oul3FkdYxR0C&dq=george+bailey+sansom&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 "A History of Japan: 1615-1867."] Stanford: Stanford University Press.