Josiah Tattnall

Commodore Josiah Tattnall, Jr. (14 June 1794 – 14 June 1871) was an officer in the United States Navy during the War of 1812, the Second Barbary War, and the Mexican-American War. He later served in the Confederate Navy during the American Civil War.

chooling and War of 1812

Josiah was the son of Josiah Tattnall who was Governor and U.S. Senator from Georgia. He was born on his father's plantation of "Bonaventure", near Savannah, Georgia. After studying in England, he was appointed a midshipman on 1 January 1812 and attended the Naval School at Washington, D.C., until 1 August when he was assigned to the frigate "Constellation".

When his ship tried to slip out to sea, the strong British squadron operating in the Chesapeake Bay forced her to put into Norfolk, Virginia. "Constellation" remained bottled up in Hampton Roads for the duration of the War of 1812, but Tattnall and his comrades still managed to get into the fray. He was among the 100 or so sailors and marines assigned to the shore battery on Craney Island. On 22 June, 1813, the British attempted to carry the island by storm in preparation for an attack on nearby Norfolk. Tattnall's battery and a force of American boats gave the attackers a sound rebuff that deterred the British from further attempts to take the city.

In April 1814, Midshipman Tattnall was detached from "Constellation" and, by 24 August, was in command of a force of employees from the Washington Navy Yard. He led them into the Battle of Bladensburg in an unsuccessful effort to stop the British advance on the American capital. On 14 October, he was ordered to Savannah for duty on "Epervier". In May 1815, that sloop sailed for the Mediterranean with Commodore Stephen Decatur's squadron to engage the Barbary Pirates in Algiers in the Second Barbary War. On 17 June, she participated in the capture of the frigate "Mashouda" and, two days later, of the brig "Estedio". In July, when "Epervier" was ordered back to the United States with dispatches, Tattnall remained in the Mediterranean in "Constellation". In January 1817, he transferred to "Ontario" and returned in her to the United States.

Interwar Years, 1818-1845

Promoted to lieutenant on 1 April, 1818, Tattnall was assigned to the frigate "Macedonian" on 30 June, and he sailed in her for the Pacific in November. He was detached from "Macedonian" on 30 August, 1820, and returned to the United States. Ordered to Norfolk on 26 December 1822, he joined Commodore David Porter's squadron in schooner "Jackall". Lieutenant Tattnall served in the West Indies on an expedition to suppress piracy until he was detached on 4 May, 1823. On 23 June, 1824, Tattnall was ordered to "Constitution" for Mediterranean service. In March 1826, he transferred to "Brandywine" and returned home in her in May. On the 15th of that month, he was granted six months leave, which was later extended into 1828.

Tattnall served in "Erie" from October 1828 to August 1829 and then went on to survey the Tortugas until March 1830. Lt. Tattnall took command of schooner "Grampus" on 15 April, 1831, and cruised the West Indies and the Gulf of Mexico. In August 1832, he captured the Mexican schooner, "Montezuma", which had boarded and robbed an American ship on the high seas. He was detached from "Grampus" in September 1832 and went on leave awaiting orders for almost four years before being ordered in, July 1836, to recruit men for Captain Thomas ap Catesby Jones' survey and exploration expedition.

Tattnall was promoted to commander on 25 February, 1836, and, in April, reported for a three-year tour of duty at the Boston Navy Yard.

Mexican-American War

Following service with the Mediterranean and African squadrons, Commander Tattnall joined the Mosquito Division in the Gulf of Mexico in 1846, commanding the steam gunboat, "Spitfire". During the Mexican-American War, he took part in the attacks on Vera Cruz, San Juan d'Ulloa, and Tuxpan, and he suffered an arm wound. For his gallantry before Vera Cruz, the state of Georgia presented him with a sword.

Interwar Years, 1848-1860

In 1848 and 1849, he returned to shore duty at the Boston Navy Yard. On 5 February 1850, he was commissioned captain and, the following month, was given command of "Saranac". Next, he commanded the Pensacola Navy Yard from July 1851 to June 1854. From August 1854 to November 1855, Captain Tattnall was flag captain in "Independence" to Commodore William Mervine with the Pacific Squadron. At Hong Kong on 29 January, 1858, he relieved Commodore James Armstrong taking command of the East India Squadron, breaking his flag in "San Jacinto". During his two years in the Far East, Commodore Tattnall violated American neutrality to come to the assistance of a British squadron under fire from the Taku Forts at the mouth of the Pei Ho (Hai River). His explanation of his action, "Blood is thicker than water", subsequently became a famous slogan. On his return voyage early in 1860, carried the first diplomatic embassy from Tokugawa Japan to the United States.

American Civil War

At the outbreak of the Civil War, Capt. Tattnall held command of the Sackett's Harbor Station. Though he opposed secession, Tattnall resigned his commission on 21 February, 1861. A week later, Governor Joseph E. Brown commissioned Tattnall as the senior flag officer of the Navy of Georgia. On 26 March, 1861, he received his commission as a captain in the Confederate Navy. Tattnall commanded Southern naval units during the defense of Port Royal until the harbor was captured by Union forces on 7 November, 1861. From there, he moved to overall command of the defense of Virginia's waters early in March 1862. Tattnall, by then a flag officer in the Confederate Navy as well as the Navy of Georgia, directed CSS "Jamestown" and other warships in captures of Federal merchantmen off Sewell's Point in April 1862.

On 11 May, 1862, in the face of advancing Federal forces, Flag Officer Tattnall ordered the destruction of his flagship, CSS "Virginia" (ex-"Merrimack"). He was later acquitted by a court martial of all charges stemming from that action. He resumed command of the naval forces of Georgia on 29 May, 1862, and retained it until 31 March, 1863, when he turned over command of forces afloat to Comdr. Richard L. Page and concentrated upon the shore defenses of Savannah. When Savannah fell to General William Tecumseh Sherman's troops, Tattnall became a prisoner of war.

He was paroled on 9 May, 1865, and, soon thereafter, took up residence once more in Savannah. Captain Tattnall died there and was buried in Bonaventure Cemetery.

Legacy

Two ships, USS "Tattnall", have been named for him.