- Hack (technology)
Hack has several meanings in the technology and computer science fields. It may refer to a clever or quick fix to a computer program problem, or to a clumsy or inelegant solution to a problem. The term is also used to refer to a modification of a program or device to give the user access to features that were otherwise unavailable, such as DIY
circuit bending . The general media also uses this term to describe the act of illegally breaking into a computer, better described ascracking .Origin of term
All of the modern meanings seem to be rooted in its widespread use as slang throughout the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), starting in the 1960s. There, the original meaning of "hack" was a quick, elaborate and/or d solution students devised for a technical obstacle; it was used with "hacker", meaning one who discovers and implements a hack. The word itself comes from the German word meaning "someone who makes furniture with an axe", [ [http://books.google.com/books?id=C0Z30r8qdpcC&pg=PA20&lpg=PA20&dq=someone+who+makes+furniture+with+an+axe&source=web&ots=kwUER8EzH7&sig=qjNltAYTTfvTRUPwYrkrPZqeXzA Perspectives on Free and Open Source Software] By Joseph Feller, page 20] implying a lack of finesse in a "hack"; it is believed by many in the hacking community that the reason for this is because programs too large to run on the limited computer resources of the time had portions "chopped" or "hacked" out in order to be reduced to a more reasonable size."See:
MIT hack s"Over time, the meaning of the word there was expanded, perhaps through contact with the
amateur radio community. It came to mean either akludge , or the opposite of a kludge, as in a clever or elegant solution to a difficult problem. In the term "hack value " it also acquired a meaning of anything that was simultaneously fun and clever.The initial hacker community at MIT, particularly those associated with the
Tech Model Railroad Club , applied this pre-existing local slang tocomputer programming , producing the variant which first came into common use outside MIT.History
The term "hack" was first used by US university computing center staff in the mid-1960s. The context determined whether the complimentary or derogatory meanings were implied. Phrases such as "ugly hack" or "quick hack" generally referred to the latter meaning; phrases such as "cool hack" or "neat hack", to the former.In modern computer programming, a "hack" can refer to a solution or method which functions correctly but which is "ugly" in its concept, which works outside the accepted structures and norms of the environment, or which is not easily extendable or maintainable (see
kludge ). The jargon used by hackers is calledHackish (see theJargon file ). This should not be confused with "1337" or "leet speak."In a similar vein, a "hack" may refer to works outside of computer programming. For example, a math hack means a clever solution to a mathematical problem. The
GNU General Public License has been described as who acopyright hack because it cleverly uses the copyright laws for a purpose the lawmakers did not foresee. All of these uses now also seem to be spreading beyond MIT as well.The term has since acquired an additional and now more common meaning, since approximately the 1980s; this more modern definition was initially associated with crackers. This growing use of the term "hack" is to refer to a program that (sometimes illegally) modifies another program, often a computer game, giving the user access to features otherwise inaccessible to them. As an example of this use, for
Palm OS users (until the 4th iteration of thisoperating system ), a "hack" refers to an extension of the operating system which provides additional functionality. The general media also uses this term to describe the act of illegally breaking into a computer, but this meaning is disputed.The term is additionally used by electronics hobbyists to refer to simple modifications to electronic hardware such as a
graphing calculator s,video game console s, electronicmusical keyboard s or other device (seeCueCat for a notorious example) to expose or add functionality to a device that was unintended for use by end users by the company who created it. A number oftechno musicians have modified 1980s-eraCasio SK-1 sampling keyboards to create unusual sounds by doingcircuit bending : connecting wires to different leads of the integrated circuit chips. The results of these DIY experiments range from opening up previously inaccessible features that were part of the chip design to producing the strange, disharmonic digital tones that became part of the techno music style. Companies take different attitudes towards such practices, ranging from open acceptance (such asTexas Instruments for its graphing calculators andLego for itsLego Mindstorms robotics gear) to outright hostility (such asMicrosoft 's attempts to lock outXbox hackers or the DRM routines onBlu-ray Disc players designed to sabotage compromised players).ee also
*
Hack value
*HAKMEM
*Haxie andExtension (Mac OS)
* History of "hacker"
*Kludge
*MIT hack References
External links
* [http://hacks.mit.edu/ MIT gallery of hacks]
* [http://www.stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html On Hacking] byRichard Stallman
* [http://www.catb.org/~esr/faqs/hacker-howto.html How to Become a Hacker] byEric Raymond
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