G. W. Pierce

Infobox Scientist
name = George Washington Pierce
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caption = George Washington Pierce
birth_date =birth date|1872|1|11
birth_place = Webberville, Texas
death_date = death date and age|1956|8|25|1872|1|11
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residence = United States
citizenship =
nationality = American
ethnicity =
field = Physics
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known_for = crystal oscillator
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prizes = IEEE Medal of Honor
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George Washington Pierce (January 11, 1872 - August 25, 1956) was an American physicist. He was a professor of physics at Harvard University and inventor in the development of electronic telecommunications.

The son of a Texas cattle rancher, he distinguished himself in school at Taylor and in the University of Texas before beginning his enduring relationship with Harvard in 1898. He wrote three innovative texts, many learned papers, and was assigned 53 patents. The most notable is the single-stage crystal oscillator circuit, which became the touchstone of the electronics communication art. Süsskind says that he was “an exceedingly warm and droll individual, much revered by his students.”

Biography

Youth

G. W. Pierce was born January 11, 1872, in Webberville, Texas. He frequently recalled in later life “drawing water with leaky buckets from deep wells for thirsty mules” as a prod that motivated his intensity in study. At the University of Texas he had Alexander MacFarlane as teacher and mentor: they co-authored a paper for the first volume of the "Physical Review". He taught at Dallas High School (1896-7) and worked in the clerk’s office of the Bastrop County Court before winning his 1898 scholarship to Harvard. With a thesis on measurement of wavelength of shortwaves he gained the Ph.D. in 1900. After a European study-tour that included some exposure to Ludwig Boltzmann, he was invited to begin instructing at Harvard. He was instrumental in forming the Wicht Club (1903 - 1911), a peer-group dedicated to continuing their learning even though teaching.

Family

G. W. Pierce was the middle son of three. He shared his name with his father, but there seems to have been no need for the traditional Sr and Jr appendages. In 1904 he married Florence Goodwin of Saxonville, Massachusetts. Though they produced no progeny they enjoyed some family life with Cornelia and Walter Cannon, Harvard Medical School physiologist, who attracted the Pierces to Franklin, New Hampshire. For example, Cornelia got George into portrait, landscape, and abstract painting. This medium became a strong method of expression for him. After Florence passed in 1945, Pierce found a second companionship with Helen Russell of Sanbornton, New Hampshire. The first sign of faltering came with a minor stroke in 1945, but he carried on until a major series killed him a decade later. He died August 25, 1956.

Professor / Inventor

G. W. Pierce had an eye for finding the main sticking point in physical processes. For electronics he saw that resonance was a key phenomenon. His five part series “Experiments on resonance in wireless telegraph circuits” in the Physical Review (1904-7) are evidence of his leadership. By 1910 his first textbook "Principles of Wireless Telegraphy" was published. It is in this text, and others by John Ambrose Fleming, that the term modulation is first used to describe imprinting an audio wave onto an high-frequency carrier wave by variation of amplitude of the carrier (see Sarkar et al. 2006). In 1912 he worked with A. E. Kennelly on motional impedance (see below). In 1914 he was assigned the directorship of the Cruft Physics Laboratory at Harvard. Then in 1917 he gained the rank of full professor.The year 1920 saw two important developments: his second text "Electric Oscillations and Electric Waves" was published. And most significantly, he followed up on an innovation of Walter Guyton Cady of Wesleyan University, using quartz crystal to stabilise frequency of electrical oscillation. In early attempts, radio communication was severely handicapped by the lack of reliable fixed-frequency operation, and Pierce saw the potential for the quartz-governed circuit. Cady’s circuit used multiple triode vacuum tubes, and Pierce was able to reduce this to a single tube (see B. Parzen, 1983). Insights such as this one resulted in patent assignments, for which Pierce then sold license to use, yielding him the capital to purchase vacation homes in Franklin, New Hampshire and St. Petersburg, Florida.

Motional impedance

In their laboratory, Pierce and A. E. Kennelly undertook an experiment measuring the change in impedance of telephone receivers over a range of audio frequencies when the diaphragm was clamped by finger or quill insert. At each frequency the receiver resistance and reactance were measured and impedance computed, then the difference of free versus clamped impedance plotted as a complex number, or point in the impedance plane. For every receiver, the range of frequencies yields a series of con-cyclic points. The phenomenon was called “motional impedance” and the circle a “motional impedance circle”. Their paper is a model of clarity in exposition: see GWP and AEK, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 48:113-51 (1912). This example of circular phenomena in device-impedance became so familiar, eventually, that the Smith Chart was introduced to provide a bounded universe (or chart) for such circles.

Later years

In 1921 he was made Rumford Professor of Physics; in 1929 he was awarded the Medal of Honor of the Institute of Radio Engineers. He continued to acquire patents and reported on crystal oscillators in the Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1923 and 1925. He retired in 1940, publishing his text "Song of Insects" in 1943. It made an analysis of the cricket “song”. In same year the Franklin Institute awarded him its "Benjamin Franklin Medal".

For a list of publications and patents see Saunders and Hunt (1959).

References

*Charles Süsskind “George Washington Pierce” "Dictionary of Scientific Biography".
*F. Saunders & F. V. Hunt (1959) “George Washington Pierce” "Biographical Memoirs" volume 33, National Academy of Science.
* [http://www.ieee.org/web/aboutus/history_center/biography/pierceg.html IEEE History Center biography]
*Benjamin Parzen (1983) "Design of Crystal and Other Harmonic Oscillators"
**Chapter 5: The Family of Pierce, Colpitts, and Clapp Oscillators
**Chapter 7: Normal Pierce Oscillator
**Chapter 8: Isolated Pierce Oscillator
*T. K. Sarkar et al. (2006) "History of Wireless" page 104, ISBN 0-471-71814-9.
*James Brittain (1997) "GWP: Radio Pioneer and Educator" Proceedings of the IEEE. v.85>> [http://www.ieee.org/web/aboutus/history_center/biography/pierceg.html online excerpt]
*Karl D. Stephan [http://txtell.lib.utexas.edu/stories/p0003-article.html A Texan at Harvard]