Brummagem

Brummagem, (and historically also Bromichan, Bremicham and many similar variants, all essentially Bromwich·ham), is the local name for the city of Birmingham, England, and the dialect associated with it, (see, for example, Carl Chinn and Steve Thorne).

It gave rise to the terms Brum, (a shortened version or Brummagem), and Brummie, (inhabitants of the city, their accent and dialect, and frequently West Midlands accents in general).

Brummagem and Brummagem Ware are also terms for cheap and shoddy imitations, in particular when referring to mass-produced goods. This use is archaic in the UK, but persists in some specialist areas in the USA and Australia.

History

The word appeared in the Middle Ages as a variant on the older and coexisting form Birmingham - spelled Bermingeham in the Domesday Book - and was in widespread use by the time of the Civil War.

17th century

Its negative use appears to have originated with the city's brief 17th century reputation for counterfeited groats.

Birmingham's expanding metal industries included the manufacture of weapons, in 1637, a London cutler protested against the import of 'Bromedgham blades' stating "they are no way serviceable or fit for his Majesty's store." John F. Hayward [ [http://www.myarmoury.com/contributors.html myArmoury.com: Contributing Authors ] ] , an experienced historian on swords, suggests that London's snobbery towards these blades at that time was based on petty commercial rivalry, at that time London was the largest provider of weapons in Britain and Birmingham was fast becoming a viable commercial threat to their trade. [ [http://www.myarmoury.com/feature_engswords.html myArmoury.com: English Swords 1600-1650 ] ]

The word passed into political slang in the 1680s. The Protestant supporters of the Exclusion Bill were called by their opponents "Birminghams" or "Brummagems" (a slur, in allusion to counterfeiting, implying hypocrisy). Their Tory opponents were known as "anti-Birminghams" or "anti-Brummagems".

Around 1690 Alexander Missen, visiting Bromichan in his travels, said that "swords, heads of canes, snuff-boxes, and other fine works of steel," could be had, "cheaper and better here than even in famed Milan."

In 1691, "The New State of England" by Guy Miege said that "Bromichan drives a good trade in iron and steel wares, saddles and bridles, which find good vent at London, Ireland, and other parts." By another writer, "Bromicham" is described as "a large and well-built town, very populous, much resorted to, and particularly noted a few years ago for the counterfeit groats made here, and dispersed all over the kingdom".Fact|date=February 2007

18th century

During the 18th century Birmingham was known by several variations of the name "Brummagem".

In 1731, an old "Road-book" said that "Birmingham, Bromicham, or Bremicham, is a large town, well built and populous. The inhabitants, being mostly smiths, are very ingenious in their way, and vend vast quantities of all sorts of iron wares."

Around 1750, the "England's Gazetteer" described Birmingham or Bromichan as "a large, well-built, and populous town, noted for the most ingenious artificers in boxes, buckles, buttons, and other iron and steel wares; wherein such multitudes of people are employed that they are sent all over Europe; and here is a continual noise of hammers, anvils, and files."

The town was renowned for its miscellany of metal and silver industries, some of these manufacturers used cheap materials and were of poor quality and design. The poorer quality "Brummagem ware" was beginning to give the better more skilled metal workers of the town a bad name, Matthew Boulton of the Lunar Society and several toy makers and silversmiths realized this and campaigned to have the town's first Assay Office constructed, great opposition came from the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths in London but Royal assent was given for assay offices in both Birmingham and Sheffield on the same day. Eventually this filtered out much of the poor workmanship of silver and jewellery in Birmingham keeping mainly the higher quality produced jewellery which ultimately allowed the town to become one of the most important Silver manufacturing centers in the 19th century.

It is thought by some, including historian Carl Chinn, that around this time Matthew Boulton favoured "Birmingham" over "Brummagem" to cut loose from the previous negative connotations with the word.

19th century

By the 19th century Birmingham had become one of the most important players in the Industrial Revolution, Matthew Boulton had taken part in the first British trade missions to China and the city was one of the most advanced, diverse and productive manufacturing centers in the modern world. Birmingham was sometimes referred to as The Toyshop of Europe, Workshop of the world or City of a thousand trades. The Birmingham pen trade prospered and areas such as The Gun Quarter and Jewellery Quarter existed with high standards of production set out by institutions such as the Birmingham Proof House and Birmingham Assay Office, the Birmingham Mint also became renowned globally for its high quality coins as did Cadburys for its chocolate and workers welfare and rights.

With such a vast array of items being produced it was inevitable that not all would have been of high quality, the advances of the industrial revolution enabled machines to mass produce cheaper items such as buttons, toys, trinkets and costume jewellery, a proportion of these gave rise to a pejorative use of the word "Brummagem ware" although - such items were not exclusive to the city.

The significant button industry gave rise to the term 'Brummagem button': the 1836 The Pickwick Papers by Charles Dickens mentions it as a term for counterfeit silver coins, but Samuel Sidney's 1851 "Rides on Railways" refers to it as "an old-fashioned nickname for a Birmingham workman".

By the late 19th century, "Brummagem" was still used as a term for Birmingham. Some people still used it as a general term for anything cheap and shoddy disguised as something better. It was used figuratively in this context to refer to moral fakery: for instance, the "Times" leader, January 29th 1838, reported Sir Robert Peel's slur on an opponent: " [he] knew the sort of Brummagem stuff he had to deal with, treated the pledge and him who made it with utter indifference".

The negative use of the word was included in several dictionaries around the world. citation needed

"Carts were passing to and fro; groups of Indians squatting on their haunches were chattering together, and displaying to one another the flaring red and yellow handkerchiefs, the scarlet blankets, and muskets of the most worthless Brummagem make, for which they had been exchanging their bits of gold, while their squaws looked on with the most perfect indifference." [ [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13001/13001.txt J. Tyrwhitt Brooks, "California", 1849] ] .

"The equipages were generally much more gorgeous than at a later period, when democracy invaded the parks, and introduced what may be termed a "brummagem society," with shabby-genteel carriages and servants." [ [http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext03/grnow10.txt Rees Howell Gronow, "The Reminiscences of Captain Gronow", 1862] ]

"The furs, fossil ivory, sheepskins and brick tea brought by them after voyages often reaching a year and eighteen months, come, strictly enough, under the head of raw products. Still, it is the best they can bring; which cannot be said of what Europe offers in exchange — articles mostly of the class and quality succinctly described as "Brummagem." [ [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13655/13655.txt Description of a trade fair, "Lippincott's Magazine", 1876] ]

The term was not always used with negative meaning, Jeffrey Farnol wrote:"A belt, now," he suggested mournfully, "a fine leather belt wi' a steel buckle made in Brummagem as ever was, and all for a shillin'; what d'ye say to a fine belt?" [ [http://www.online-literature.com/jeffrey-farnol/broad-highway/16/ 'The Broad Highway'] ]

and The Rev. Richard H. Barham:;"He whipp'd out his oyster-knife, broad and keen;"A Brummagem blade which he always bore, ;"To aid him to eat, ;"By way of a treat, ;"The 'natives' he found on the Red Sea shore;

;"He whipp'd out his Brummagem blade so keen, ;"And he made three slits in the Buffalo's hide, ;"And all its contents, ;"Through the rents, and the vents, ;"Come tumbling out,-- and away they all hied!" [ [http://www.exclassics.com/ingold/ing48.htm 'The Ingoldsby Legends'] ]

However, as shown by James Dobbs' song "I can't find Brummagem" (see below), it remained in use as a geographical name for the city.

In the Henry James story The Lesson of the Master (1888), the novelist Henry St. George refers to his "beautiful fortunate home" as Brummagem.

The Birmingham politician Joseph Chamberlain was nicknamed 'Brummagem Joe' (affectionately or satirically depending on the speaker). See, for instance, The Times, August 6, 1895: "'Chamberlain and his crew' dominated the city ... Mr Geard thought it was advisable to have a candidate against 'Brummagem Joe'".

Modern usage

"Brummagem" remained a staple of British political and critical discourse into the early 20th century: "The Times", August 13, 1901 quoted a House of Commons speech by a Mr MacNeill, "The initiative of the Bill... had the "Brummagem" brand from top to bottom. It was a mean attempt, inspired by the absurd and vulgar spirit of Imperialism, to subsidize the Crown with a parvenu title, and a tawdry gewgaw reputation".

A "Punch" book review for December 1917 said: "But, to be honest, the others (with the exception of one quaint little comedy of a canine ghost) are but indifferent stuff, too full of snakes and hidden treasure and general tawdriness—the kind of Orientalism, in fact, that one used to associate chiefly with the Earl's Court Exhibition. Mrs. PERRIN must not mingle her genuine native goods with such Brummagem ware".

By the late 20th century and 21st century, British usage had shifted toward a purely geographical and even positive sense. The Housing Design Awards 1998 said of one Birmingham project, City Heights, "this gutsy Brummagem bruiser of a building handles its landmark status with ease and assurance". In "The Guardian" "Notes from the touchline" sport report, March 21, 2003, journalist Frank Keating used the headline "World Cup shines with dinkum Brummagem" to praise the performance of Birmingham-born Australian cricketer Andrew Symonds.

A particular activist in reclaiming the term as a traditional name reflecting positive aspects of the city's heritage is historian Carl Chinn MBE, Professor of Community History at the University of Birmingham, who produces "Brummagem Magazine".

US usage

In the USA, the negative usage appears to have continued into the 1920s. F. Scott Fitzgerald's 1922 novel The Beautiful and Damned uses the word twice: "It was one of the type known as 'tourist' cars, a sort of brummagem Pullman ... a single patch of vivid green trees that guaranteed the brummagem umbrageousness of Riverside Drive". Gilbert Seldes, in his 1924 book "The Seven Lively Arts", wrote in praise of Krazy Kat: "everything paste and brummagem has had its vogue with us; and a genuine, honest native product has gone unnoticed". It appears in two essays by H.L. Mencken from 1926: "Valentino" ("Consider the sordid comedy of his two marriages-the brummagem, star-spangled passion that invaded his very deathbed!") and "A Glance Ahead" ("It would be hard to find a country in which such brummagem serene highnesses are revered with more passionate devotion than they get in the United States.")

Currently US collectors of political memorabilia use "brummagem" to refer to imitations. The "Dictionary of Sexual Terms and Expressions" by Farlex Inc, maintainers of TheFreeDictionary.com, lists several related terms such as "Brummagem buttons", tufts sewn to brassiere cups to give the appearance of larger nipples.

Brummagem in song

A song, I Can't Find Brummagem, was written by James Dobbs (1781-1837), a Midland music hall entertainer and collected in "Victoria's Inferno: Songs of the Old Mills, Mines, Manufactories, Canals and Railways" by Jon Raven, Broadside Books, 1978, ISBN 0-9503722-3-4.

References

* [http://www.search.revolutionaryplayers.org.uk/content/files/88/83/314.rtf Mathew Boulton on Brummagem]
* [http://www.myarmoury.com/feature_engswords.html swords]

External links

* [http://www.virtualbrum.co.uk/brummies.htm Why Brummies Why not Birmies?] Etymological article by Dr Carl Chinn
* [http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/GenerateContent?CONTENT_ITEM_ID=42225&CONTENT_ITEM_TYPE=0&MENU_ID=13150 Birmingham or Brummagem?] Birmingham City Council page listing the name variants from William Hamper's 1880 booklet "AN HISTORICAL CURIOSITY, by a Birmingham Resident, ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-ONE WAYS OF SPELLING BIRMINGHAM".
* [http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/hst/european/TheHistoryofEnglandfromtheAccessionofJamesIIVol1/chap3.html Macaulay's The History of England from the Accession of James II, Vol. 1] Origin of political slang 'Birminghams'
* [http://www.virtualbrum.co.uk/brummagem.htm Brummagem Magazine]
* [http://www.mudcat.org/@displaysong.cfm?SongID=2805 I can't find Brummagem] at the Digital Tradition Folksong Database
* [http://apic.us/The_Keynoter/ Brummagem: An APIC Project: A Handbook on Fakes, Fantasies & Repins] American Political Items Collectors guide
*gutenberg|no=580|name=The Pickwick Papers
* [http://www.fullbooks.com/Rides-on-Railways.html Rides on Railways] , 1851, by Samuel Sidney at [http://www.fullbooks.com/ Fullbooks.com]
* [http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/f/fitzgerald/f_scott/beaut/index.html The Beautiful and Damned] F. Scott Fitzgerald, 1922, The University of Adelaide Library Electronic Texts Collection
* [http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/SELDES/toc.html The Seven Lively Arts] , Gilbert Seldes, 1924, University of Virginia Electronic texts for the Study of American Culture
*Several of the better known songs about Brummagem in days gone by are available on a CD [http://www.townsend-records.co.uk/product.php?pId=6535988&pType=music] .